Eyona nqanaba le-titanium ekwaziyo ukumelana nokugqwala yiBakala 7 (UNS R52400), uhlobo lwe-palladium-alloyed lweBakala 2. Kwinkonzo yamanzi olwandle kunye ne-chloride eninzi ngexabiso elisebenzisekayo, iBakala 2 lelona nqanaba liqhelekileyo lokusebenza, ngelixa iBakala 5 likhethwa ngenxa yamandla, kungekhona ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala.
Uninzi lweenjineli lucinga ukuba i-alloy ye-titanium eqinileyo nebiza kakhulu iyamelana nokugqwala ngcono. Kwi-titanium, loo ngcinga iyasilela. Ukuxhathisa ukugqwala kule ntsimbi kuvela kwifilimu ye-oxide yomphezulu, kungekhona kumandla e-alloy. Yiyo loo nto intshatsheli yokugqwala iludidi "olubuthathaka" olucocekileyo lorhwebo olunokongeza i-palladium encinci, kwaye kutheni i-alloy uninzi lwabathengi lucinga ukuba, i-Ti-6Al-4V (iBanga lesi-5), yeyona nto ifanelekileyo xa amandla nokudinwa kuqhuba uyilo.
Cinga ngento eyenzekileyo kwinjineli yeenkqubo zaselwandle esiza kuyibiza ngokuba ngu-Elena. Inkampani yakhe ichaze i-titanium yeBanga lesi-5 kwi-header yepayipi yamanzi olwandle kuba "i-titanium ye-aerospace iqinile." I-header yayinomhlwa kuphela, inganamandla kuphela. IBanga lesi-2 linikezele ngenkonzo efanayo ngexabiso eliphantsi le-25-35% lezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Ukulungiswa kwakungeyonto inamandla ngakumbi. Kwakungcono ukuhambelana phakathi komgangatho kunye nendawo engqongileyo.
Esi sikhokelo sihlela amanqanaba e-titanium ngokumelana nokugqwala, sichaza isizathu sokuba ifilimu engasebenziyo ibaluleke ngaphezu kwamandla, sinike isikhokelo sendalo ngokwemida yokwenyani, kwaye sithelekisa i-titanium nentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-316/316L ukuze ukwazi ukucacisa izinto ezifanelekileyo ngokuzithemba. Ukuze ufumane umfanekiso opheleleyo we-titanium grade vs grade, jonga uthelekiso lwethu lwe-titanium grade 2 vs grade 5.
IItrakthi ezibalulekileyo
- Ibanga lesi-7 (Ti-0.15Pd, UNS R52400) lelona nqanaba le-titanium elimelana nokugqwala. I-Palladium yandisa ifilimu engasebenziyo ukuze i-alloy isinde ekunciphiseni ii-asidi kunye nohlaselo lwe-hot-chloride crevice olutshabalalisa amanqaku angaxutywanga.
- Ibanga lesi-2 lelona qela lisebenza kakuhle emanzini nasekloride, likhuselekile kumanzi olwandle akufutshane nemozulu kwaye lifikelela kwi-0.0005 mm ngonyaka, kodwa lifuna ukuphuculwa ngaphezulu kwama-75-82°C kwiindawo ezixineneyo.
- Ibanga lesi-5 (Ti-6Al-4V) alikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kodwa lichazwe ngamandla nokudinwa, hayi ukugqwala. Likwafuna ukwahlulwa kwe-galvanic xa lidibene neentsimbi ezingabalulekanga kangako.
- Ibanga le-12 libonelela ngokusebenza kwe-hot-chloride ephantse ibe yi-Grade-7 ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye luphuculo olunoqoqosho xa amaqondo obushushu e-crevice edlula umda we-CP.
- Kwinkonzo yekloridi ephakathi, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L eqinisekisiweyo idla ngokuphumelela ngokwexabiso eliphantsi kunye nexesha elibekwe phambili; i-titanium ifumana ixabiso layo eliphezulu apho imbali yokukhupha imingxuma, iikloridi ezishushu eziphantsi kwamanzi, okanye ubomi obude bamanzi olwandle bubalulekile.
Ngaba iTitanium ayimelani nokugqwala? Ewe, nasi isizathu
I-Titanium ayimelani nokugqwala kuba ngoko nangoko yenza ifilimu encinci, eziphilisa ngokwayo ye-titanium dioxide (TiO2), enobukhulu obuziimitha ezi-2-5 kubushushu begumbi, ekhusela isinyithi esisisiseko. Ngokungafaniyo nokugqwala kwintsimbi yekhabhoni, le filimu ayiqhekeki. Ukuba ikrwelekile okanye yonakele, itshintsha ngoko nangoko xa kukho ioksijini okanye amanzi.
Loo nkcukacha ichaza ukudideka okuqhelekileyo. Umhlwa yi-iron oxide, kwaye i-titanium ine-iron engenanto engaphantsi, ngoko i-titanium "ayigqwali" ngendlela intsimbi eyenza ngayo. I-oxide yayo yi-titanium dioxide, ezinzileyo kwi-pH ephakathi kwe-1 ukuya kwi-12.
Ngenxa yokuba amandla ayo okufaka imingxuma emanzini olwandle aphezulu kakhulu, ukusuka kwi-+5 ukuya kwi-+10 volts, imingxuma ezenzekelayo ayiqali. Iisulfide, ezikhubaza amanqaku amaninzi angenasici kwiindawo ezimuncu, aziyithobi le nkxwaleko. Isikhokelo sethu seempawu zetitanium sigubungela indlela ebanzi yokusebenza kwesinyithi.
Intsingiselo esebenzisekayo kubathengi ilula. Xa iinjineli zibuza ukuba ingaba inxalenye yetitanium iya kubola na, impendulo enyanisekileyo kukuba ixhomekeke kwindawo engqongileyo kunye nomgangatho. Yiyo loo nto kuluhlu.
Yeyiphi iTitanium Grade ekwaziyo ukumelana nokugqwala?
Amanqanaba abekwe ngokwendlela yokumelana nokugqwala kwinkonzo enamandla, amanqanaba alandelana ngolu hlobo:
- Bakala 7 (Ti-0.15Pd): yeyona titanium inamandla okugqwala, ingakumbi ekunciphiseni ii-asidi kunye nee-chloride ezishushu.
- IBanga lesi-1 kunye neBanga lesi-2: elona xabiso lilungileyo kumanzi olwandle nakwimithombo ye-oxidizing; Ibanga lesi-2 lelona liqhelekileyo kushishino.
- Bakala 12 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni): uphuculo olunoqoqosho lwenkonzo ye-hot chloride kunye ne-crevice.
- Bakala 5 (Ti-6Al-4V): ukumelana nokugqwala kakuhle, kodwa kuchazwe ukuba kunamandla kangakanani, kufuneka ukhathalelo olungakumbi lwe-cravice kunye ne-galvanic.
Ingqiqo yokubeka ibala iyabamangalisa abathengi abaninzi. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwi-titanium kulandelela uzinzo lwefilimu ye-oxide yomphezulu, hayi amandla e-alloy. I-Palladium, isongezo esincinci kwiBanga lesi-7, ixhasa loo filimu ngendlela ephuculayo kwiindawo ezincitshisayo nezishushu apho i-titanium engaxutywanga inyibilika khona. Yiyo loo nto itshatsheli yokugqwala iluhlobo oluncinci lweBanga lesi-2 elicocekileyo kurhwebo, kungekhona i-alloy ye-aerospace uninzi lwabantu olucingayo.
Lo mbuzo ungaphakathi kwingxoxo enkulu yosapho. Ukuze sibone onke amabanga ecaleni, itshathi yethu yebanga le-titanium yireferensi, kwaye i -titanium pillar yebanga lesi-2 vs ibanga lesi-5 igxila kwisigqibo esiqhelekileyo sokufumana imveliso.
Indlela amaBanga eTitanium ahluke ngayo ekuchaseni ukubola
I-Titanium iza kwiintsapho ezimbini: iiklasi ze-commercial pure (CP) kunye nee-alloys. Indlela yokuziphatha kokugqwala yahlukile kakhulu phakathi kwezi ntsapho kunokuba abathengi abaninzi belindele.
Amabanga 1-4 acocekileyo ngokwezorhwebo
Amanqanaba e-CP, ukusuka kwiBanga loku-1 ukuya kwiBanga lesi-4, ahluke kakhulu kumxholo we-oksijini kunye nentsimbi, elawula amandla kunye nokuguquguquka. Ukumelana kwawo nokugqwala kwi-oxidizing kunye ne-marine media kuyalingana. IBanga loku-1, elilona nqanaba liphezulu le-CP elicocekileyo, libambe umda ongaphantsi kuba lithwala umxholo omncinci we-interstitial, kodwa iBanga lesi-2 lilungelelaniso olusetyenziswa kwiipayipi, ii-heat exchangers, kunye neenkqubo zamanzi olwandle. Jonga isikhokelo se-titanium seBanga lesi-2 ukuze ufumane iprofayili yaso epheleleyo.
Amabanga adibeneyo kunye nesizathu sokuba angaphumeleli ngokuzenzekelayo
Ibanga lesi-5, iTi-6Al-4V, yeyona ngxubevange ye-alpha-beta iphambili. Imelana kakuhle nokugqwala, kodwa izongezo ze-aluminium kunye ne-vanadium zenza isakhiwo esingafaniyo kancinci, kwaye xa ishushu ingxubevange ifuna ukunakekelwa okungaphezulu kokuqhekeka nokugqwala kunezinga le-CP elicocekileyo. Isikhokelo se-titanium sebanga lesi-5 sichaza amandla ayo oomatshini kunye nemida.
Iingcali zokugqwala zihlala kwicandelo elahlukileyo losapho. Ibanga lesi-7 libanga lesi-2 kunye ne-0.12-0.25% ye-palladium. Ibanga le-12 longeza i-0.3% ye-molybdenum kunye ne-0.8% ye-nickel.
Ibanga lama-23 yinguqulelo ye-ELI ephantsi yeBanga lesi-5 esetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zonyango, kunye nokuziphatha kokugqwala okusondele kwiBanga lesi-5. Unyango olupheleleyo lomahluko omsulwa ngokuchasene ne-alloy lubonakala kwinqaku lethu kwi-CP titanium vs Ti-6Al-4V.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kweTitanium ngokweBanga
Le theyibhile ingezantsi idibanisa idatha esebenzisekayo efunekayo kwiinjineli xa bekhetha uhlobo lwenkonzo yokubola. Imida ye-crevice ixhomekeke kwindalo esingqongileyo, ngoko ke yiphathe njengesikhokelo soyilo endaweni ye-absolutes.
| kwiBanga | UNS | uhlobo | Inqaku lokugqwala | Umda womngxuma wamanzi olwandle | Okulungileyo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bakala 1 | R50250 | CP | Ubunyulu obuphezulu, umda ongasecaleni | malunga ne-70 ° C | Iindawo ezitsalwe nzulu, ukwakheka okuphezulu |
| Bakala 2 | R50400 | CP | Ihashe elisebenzayo le-Marine kunye ne-chloride | malunga ne-75-82 ° C | Imibhobho, izinto zokutshintsha ubushushu, amanzi olwandle |
| Bakala 4 | R50700 | CP | Ibakala leCP elinamandla | Ifana neBanga lesi-2 | Izixhobo zekhompyutha, inkonzo ephakathi |
| Bakala 5 | R56400 | Ingxubevange yeAlpha-beta | Kulungile, udinga ukhathalelo lwe-galvanic | malunga ne-200°C (ingawa kufutshane ne-80°C kwiinkqubo ezinoburhalarhume) | Inkonzo yokugqwala ebaluleke kakhulu |
| Bakala 7 | R52400 | I-Gr2 + i-palladium | Ukunciphisa ii-asidi, ii-chloride ezishushu | malunga ne-250-260 ° C | Ukucubungula iikhemikhali, amanzi ashushu olwandle |
| Bakala 12 | R53400 | I-alloy yeMo-Ni | Indawo yokutshintsha yeBanga lesi-7 lezoqoqosho | malunga ne-250-260 ° C | Izitshintshi zekloridi eshushu |
| Bakala 23 | R56407 | I-alloy ye-ELI | NjengakwiBanga lesi-5, i-interstitial ephantsi | Ifana neBanga lesi-5 | Ezonyango, ezibangela i-cryogenic |
Umda womngxuma wamanzi olwandle ubaluleke ngaphezu kokuba uninzi lwedatha luvuma. Kwimngxuma eqinileyo, efana ne-tube-to-tubesheet joint okanye ubuso be-gasket, amanzi olwandle angashukumiyo aba ne-asidi kwaye angabi neoksijini. Loo khemikhali yendawo ihlasela ifilimu engasebenziyo, kwaye i-grade nganye iyinyamezela kuphela kubushushu obuthile. Kulapho kanye ukhetho olungalunganga lwe-grade lubangela ukungaphumeleli kwentsimi ngaphambi kwexesha.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kweTitanium yeBanga lesi-2 kunye neBanga lesi-5
Umbuzo oqhelekileyo wokufumana ulwazi kukuba ingaba kufuneka uthenge iBanga lesi-2 okanye iBanga lesi-5, ngoko ke uthelekiso lokugqwala lufanele lube yinxalenye yalo.
Kumanzi olwandle, i-chlorine emanzi, kunye ne-chloride media, i-CP Grade 2 ecocekileyo kakhulu yeyona ndlela ingcono yokubola. Ukubola okufanayo kweBanga lesi-2 kumanzi olwandle ajikelezayo ngokuqinisekileyo akunamsebenzi, kudla ngokukhankanywa ngaphantsi kwe-0.0001 mm/ngonyaka, kunye novavanyo lwamanzi olwandle ahambayo oluxela ukulahleka kwesinyithi okungenakulinganiswa kwiminyaka emininzi yokusebenza. Zombini ezi zigaba ziyamelana nokuqhekeka kokubola ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwe-chloride. Umahluko ubonakala kwiindawo ezimbini.
Okokuqala, iBanga lesi-5 lithanda kakhulu ukuqhekeka xa lisetyenziswa ngendlela eshushu. Abathengisi badla ngokukhankanya umda oqhelekileyo wokuqhekeka kwamanzi olwandle okufutshane ne-200°C kwiBanga lesi-5, kodwa izifundo zokuqhekeka zibonisa ukuba ukuhlaselwa kokuqhekeka kunokuqala ngaphantsi kakhulu, kufutshane ne-80°C, kwiinkqubo ezine-CO2 okanye ezinye iindlela ezirhabaxa. Okwesibini, iBanga lesi-5 lihle kakhulu kuthotho lwe-galvanic. Xa lidityaniswe neentsimbi ezingabalulekanga kangako njenge-carbon steel, i-aluminium, okanye i-copper alloys, likhawulezisa ukuqhekeka kwazo ngaphandle kokuba ijoyinti ikhutshiwe ngombane.
Umthetho wesigqibo ucocekile. Ukuba ukugqwala ngumqobo woyilo, khetha iBanga lesi-2. Ukuba amandla ukuya kubunzima kunye nokudinwa zezona mingcele zoyilo kwaye ukugqwala kukwindawo yesibini, khetha iBanga lesi-5 ngoyilo olufanelekileyo lwe-galvanic.
Ixabiso liyayiqinisa ingqiqo efanayo. Ngenxa yokuba iBanga lesi-2 lidibanisa oomatshini ngokukhawuleza, ixabiso le-titanium leBanga lesi-2 vs le-5 libonisa ukuba umsantsa wenxalenye egqityiweyo udla ngokuba mkhulu kunomsantsa wezinto eziluhlaza. Uthelekiso lwethu lwamandla eBanga lesi-5 vs le-2 luqinisekisa ukuba i-alloy iyimfuneko ngokwenene.
Ixesha Lokunyuka: Ibanga lesi-7 nebanga le-12 leNkonzo Enobundlongondlongo
I-titanium ecocekileyo yorhwebo ayikhuselekanga kuyo yonke indawo. Ngaphezulu kwama-80°C kwi-clamp eqinileyo, ii-hot chloride ezimileyo zinokuphula ifilimu engasebenziyo kwi-Grade 2. I-standard fix ayiyo-alloy enamandla. Yi-grade eyenzelwe loo khemistri.
Cinga ngemeko yeprosesa yamakhemikhali esiza kuyibiza ngokuba nguDaniel. I-316L reactor valve manifold yesityalo sakhe igcine ukubola kwe-crevice kwinkonzo ye-sulfuric acid eshushu. I-CP titanium yodwa ibingayi kuphumelela, kuba ii-asidi ezinamandla zokunciphisa zihlasela isinyithi esingaxutywanga.
Ukulungiswa yayizizixhobo zeBanga lesi-7. I-palladium encinci eyongeziweyo igcina ifilimu engasebenziyo kwindawo enciphayo apho zombini i-316L kunye ne-CP titanium zinyibilika ngokukhutheleyo. I-manifold ibisebenza iminyaka emithathu ngaphandle kokuvuza.
Ibanga lesi-7 lisebenza kuba i-palladium yi-cathode modifier. Itshintsha amandla okubola aye kwi-passive range kwaye iphinda yenze ifilimu ye-oxide ukuba iphulwe. Oko kwenza iBanga lesi-7 libe yinto ekhethwayo kwi-dilute reducing acids ezifana ne-hydrochloric, i-unaerated sulfuric, kunye ne-oxalic, kwaye ityhala umda we-crevice ukuya kwi-250-260°C kwinkonzo ye-chloride eshushu. Iingxelo zoshishino ezifana ne-International Titanium Association's corrosion overview kunye ne-Harald Pihl's Grade 7 product reference reference usetyenziso lwe-alloy kwi-high-temperature desalination, ii-chemical reactors, kunye nee-heat exchangers.
Ibanga le-12 lelona khetho lingcono kwezoqoqosho. Libonelela ngokusebenza okukufutshane nebanga lesi-7 kwinkonzo ye-chloride eshushu kunye ne-crevice ngexabiso eliphantsi, longeza amandla aluncedo obushushu obuphezulu, lidibanisa kakuhle, kwaye liyaqatshelwa kwizicelo zenkonzo ye-sour. Khetha iBanga lesi-7 xa umthwalo we-asidi okanye i-chloride ugqithisile; khetha iBanga le-12 xa ixabiso libalulekile kwaye inkonzo yi-chloride eshushu endaweni yokunciphisa kakhulu i-asidi.
Kukho nosapho olupheleleyo olune-palladium ephantsi. Ibanga le-11 libanga loku-1 kunye ne-palladium, kwaye iBanga le-16 kunye ne-17 ziintlobo ze-palladium ephantsi zeBanga lesi-2 kunye neloku-1. Zibonelela ngokhuseleko lokuqhekeka ngexabiso eliphantsi le-alloy, kwaye zibalulekile xa umthengi efuna ukuziphatha kweBanga lesi-7 ngaphandle kweprimiyamu epheleleyo ye-palladium.
Kwimveliso, inqaku elinye lifanele ukugxininiswa. Ngenxa yokuba ukuphuculwa kokugqwala kudla ngokudityaniswa kwiindawo zokutshintsha ubushushu kunye neenqanawa, umahluko osebenzayo ubalulekile. Isikhokelo sethu sokuwelda se-titanium sebanga lesi-2 kunye nebanga lesi-5 sigubungela urhwebo lokwenziwa olusebenza kuzo zonke iintsapho ze-CP kunye ne-alloy.
Ukumelana nokugqwala kweTitanium yiNdalo
Ukukhetha ibakala kuba lula xa ulithelekisa nendawo elikuyo. I-matrix engezantsi ilinganisa usapho ngalunye kwiimeko ezifanayo zenkonzo.
| okusingqongileyo | I-CP (Amabanga 1/2) | Bakala 5 | IBakala 7/12 | amaNqaku |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amanzi olwandle (ambindi) | Zintle | Zintle | Zintle | Ibanga lesi-5 lifuna ukuhlukaniswa nge-galvanic |
| I-chloride eshushu / umngxuma | Kungcono ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80°C | Kuhle ukuya kokulungileyo | Zintle | Uphuculo olungaphezulu komda |
| Ikhlorine emanzi | Zintle | Zintle | Zintle | Ayiphumeleli kwi-chlorine eyomileyo |
| Ii-oxidizing acids (i-nitric) | Zintle | Zintle | Zintle | Ifilimu engasebenziyo ihlala injalo |
| I-Acetic / ii-organic acids | Zintle | Zintle | Zintle | Ukulingana kwenkonzo yamachiza ngokubanzi |
| Imidiya yealkaline | Zintle | Kulungile | Zintle | Jonga imida ye-caustic kunye ne-oxidant |
| Nciphisa i-asidi yokunciphisa | Poor | Poor | Kuhle ukuya kuGqwesileyo | Kufuneka iBanga lesi-7 okanye le-12 |
| I-asidi ye-hydrofluoric / ii-fluoride | Ayixhathisi | Ayixhathisi | Ayixhathisi | Ihlasela ifilimu yeTiO2 |
| Igesi yekhlorine eyomileyo | Ayixhathisi | Ayixhathisi | Ayixhathisi | Ifuna umswakama ukuze ihlale ingasebenzi |
Imiqolo emibini ifanelwe yingqwalasela eyongezelelweyo. I-chlorine emanzi ngamandla e-titanium, yiyo loo nto izityalo ze-chlor-alkali zixhomekeke kuyo, kodwa i-chlorine eyomileyo ihlasela ifilimu kwaye inokutshisa i-titanium. Kwaye i-fluoride chemistry, kuquka i-hydrofluoric acid, inyibilikisa i-titanium dioxide, ngoko ke umda osebenzayo kwinkonzo ye-fluoride yi-30 ppm free fluoride kunye nomngcipheko onyuka ngaphantsi kwe-pH 4-5. Akukho nqanaba lidlulayo kwezi zimbini.
Apho Zonke Iigreyidi zeTitanium Zifuna Ukhathalelo: Iindlela Zokusilela kunye noYilo lweGalvanic
Ubukhosi beTitanium luxanduva loyilo, kungekhona nje inzuzo. Kumanzi olwandle, i-titanium ikufutshane nesiphelo esihle sochungechunge lwe-galvanic. Idibene nentsimbi yekhabhoni, i-aluminium, i-zinc, okanye i-alloys yobhedu, ikhawulezisa ukugqwala kwazo. Kwanentsimbi engagqwali esebenzayo inokonakala xa idibene nomphezulu omkhulu we-titanium.
I-316L engasebenziyo ecaleni kwe-titanium ibonisa umahluko omncinci kuphela, ngoko ke uhlaselo lwe-galvanic luhlala luncinci xa zombini iintsimbi zingasebenzi. Iiwashers zokufaka i-insulating, imikhono, kunye nezibophelelo ezihambelanayo zezona zikhuselekileyo kwiinkqubo zesinyithi esixutyiweyo.
Ukubhitya kwehydrogen sisibatha sesibini. I-Titanium ifunxa ihydrogen kwi-cathodic overprotection, kwi-galvanic coupling, okanye kwi-high-temperature hydrogen service. Umonakalo we-hydride uba mkhulu kakhulu ngaphezu kwama-80°C kwaye kumanqanaba e-hydrogen asondela kwi-500-800 ppm, ngoko ke iinkqubo zamandla ezichukumisekileyo kunye nee-anode ezingabonakaliyo kwizakhiwo ze-titanium zifuna uyilo olucokisekileyo.
Okokugqibela, i-chlorine eyomileyo, i-hydrofluoric acid, ii-acids ezincitshisiweyo ezitshisayo, kunye noqhagamshelwano lwesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo zonke ziyayoyisa i-titanium nokuba ingakanani na umgangatho. Akukho nanye kwezi zithintelo eyenza i-titanium ibe buthathaka. Zithetha nje ukuba izinto kufuneka zichazwe ngokuchasene nokusingqongileyo kokwenyani, yiyo loo nto kanye i-matrix yokusingqongileyo kwesi sikhokelo ibalulekile.
I-Titanium vs Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo: Ukukhetha nini i-316/316L
Uninzi lophendlo "lwe-titanium enganyangekiyo kukugqwala" luphela ngempendulo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kuba uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali kunye nexesha elingaphambili ligqiba iiprojekthi ezingaphezulu kunedatha yokugqwala eluhlaza. Kufanelekile ukuthelekisa i-titanium ne-316L, uhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo oluqwalaselwa ngabathengi abaninzi.
Kwinkonzo yamanzi olwandle kunye nekloride, i-titanium iyaphumelela ngokucacileyo kwi-pitting kunye ne-cravice resistance. I-316L iqala ukugxumeka kwi-chloride ezifudumeleyo, ezihamba kancinci ngaphezu kwama-25°C, ngelixa i-titanium ikhuselekile ngokufanelekileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi olwandle. I-Titanium ikwanyamezela isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi kufutshane nama-30-36 m/s kunye nokulahleka okuncinci kwesinyithi, ngokuchasene nesantya esikhuselekileyo esimalunga nama-6-9 m/s kwi-316L. Kwaye ibali lobomi lithanda i-titanium: i-Grade 2 titanium marine heat exchanger inokuhlala iminyaka engama-25-30 apho iyunithi ye-316L ihlala iminyaka eyi-6-8, nangona i-titanium ithwala ixabiso lezinto zokuqala lidla ngokuphindwe kayi-3.5-4.
Umgaqo olungeleleneyo ulula. Kwi-chloride ephakathi okanye inkonzo yomoya, iiprojekthi ezinqongopheleyo, kunye neeshedyuli ezikhawulezayo, i-316L eqinisekisiweyo idla ngokuba yimpendulo esebenzayo. Kumanzi olwandle ashushu okanye ahamba kancinci, i-chloride eninzi enembali yokutsala, okanye ubomi boyilo beminyaka engama-25, i-titanium ifumana ixabiso layo eliphezulu.
Umenzi wokucoca amanzi ubonisa ukwahlukana. Uthelekise i-titanium yeBanga lesi-2 ne-316L kumgca we-chloride ohamba kancinci. I-Titanium yasusa i-pitting ngokupheleleyo, kodwa i-316L yaphumelela umgca ongengowona ubalulekileyo ngexesha lokuqalisa kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
Ugcine i-titanium kwisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokutshintsha izinto. Isigqibo sasisesokusingqongileyo nesoqoqosho, kungekhona esobuqhetseba.
Umxholo onzulu wotshintshiselwano lwezinto ezidityanisiweyo ukho kumanqaku ethu othelekiso lwe -titanium vs intsimbi engagqwali kunye ne -titanium vs intsimbi engagqwali.
I-LIANYUNGANG DAPU METAL ibonelela ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo, i-nickel alloy, i-copper alloy, i-aluminium alloy, intsimbi egayiweyo, kunye nentsimbi yekhabhoni kwiishiti, iipleyiti, iikhoyili, iintonga, kunye neepayipi. Asithwali titanium, kodwa iinjineli zethu zisebenza nabathengi yonke imihla kwesi sigqibo. Ukuba iprojekthi yakho ifuna enye indlela yentsimbi engagqwaliyo enganyangekiyo kwi-titanium, isikhokelo sethu sentsimbi engagqwaliyo engu-316 sichaza umgangatho ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye iimveliso zethu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo engu-316 kunye neepayipi zentsimbi engagqwali zithunyelwa kwihlabathi liphela.
Yeyiphi iTitanium Grade ekufuneka uyikhethe kwiNkonzo yokuGqola?
Xa ungafumani ititanium kwiDAPU, usadinga iinkcukacha ezikhuselekileyo kuye nabani na okunika yona. Sebenzisa le ndlela yemibuzo emine.
- Ukuxilisa okanye ukunciphisa? Izinto ezikhupha i-oxidizing ezifana namanzi olwandle, i-chlorine emanzi, kunye ne-nitric acid zihambelana ne-CP titanium. Ukunciphisa i-asidi kufuna iBanga lesi-7 okanye iBanga le-12.
- Ishushu kwaye ityebile ngekloride enemingxuma? Ukuba amaqondo obushushu adlula malunga nama-80°C kwiijiyometri eziqinileyo, dlula kwiBanga lesi-2 uye kwiBanga lesi-7 okanye kwiBanga le-12.
- Ngaba amandla nawo ayafuneka? Ukuba uyilo luthwala umthwalo okanye lubaluleke kakhulu ekudinweni, yongeza iBanga lesi-5 kuluhlu kwaye uhlawulele uyilo lwe-galvanic.
- Ingakanani isabelomali kunye nexesha elifunekayo lokuhlawula? Thelekisa impendulo ye-titanium kunye ne-316L eqinisekisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba uyigqibezele.
Itheyibhile yezigqibo ezikhawulezileyo ibamba uninzi lwamatyala.
| Isimo | Ibanga elicetyiswayo | Ngoba |
|---|---|---|
| Imibhobho yamanzi olwandle kunye neetyhubhu ezikufutshane | Bakala 2 | Ayikhuselekanga emanzini olwandle, ixabiso layo liphezulu |
| I-chloride eshushu enemingxuma eqinileyo | IBanga loku-7 okanye iBanga lesi-12 | Ukuphuculwa komhlwa kudlule imida ye-CP |
| Inkonzo enamandla yokunciphisa i-asidi | Bakala 7 | I-Palladium ibambe ifilimu engasebenziyo |
| Amandla kunye nomsebenzi wokugqwala | Bakala 5 | Amandla e-alloy kunye nokhathalelo lwe-galvanic |
| I-chloride ephakathi, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluncinci | I-316L ayinasici | Ixabiso kunye nokuhambelana kwexesha lokuqalisa |
Isilumkiso esinye sisebenza kuzo zonke. Musa ukucacisa kakhulu. Ukuhlawulela iBanga lesi-5 xa iBanga lesi-2 lisombulula ingxaki yokugqwala kuchitha imali ngamandla angasetyenziswayo nguyilo, kwaye ukuthenga nayiphi na i-titanium xa iziphatho ze-stainless eziqinisekisiweyo inkonzo ichitha imali kwisinyithi esingafunwayo yindalo. Uhlalutyo lwethu lweendleko ze-titanium yeBanga lesi-2 vs. yeBanga lesi-5 lubonisa ukuba isohlwayo esigqithisileyo sisebenza ngokukhawuleza kangakanani kwiiodolo ezinkulu.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ngowuphi umgangatho we-titanium okwaziyo ukumelana nokugqwala?
Ibanga lesi-7 (UNS R52400), uhlobo lwe-palladium-alloyed lweBanga lesi-2, lolona didi lwe-titanium olumelana nokugqwala. Ukongezwa kwe-palladium kuyenza ikwazi ukusinda ekunciphiseni ii-asidi kunye nokugqwala kwe-hot-chloride crevice okutshabalalisa amazinga angaxutywanga. Kwinkonzo yamanzi olwandle kunye ne-chloride esebenzayo ngexabiso eliphantsi, iBanga lesi-2 lelona nqanaba liqhelekileyo lokusebenza.
Ingaba i-titanium iyakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kunentsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Kwinkonzo yamanzi olwandle kunye nekloride, ewe. I-Titanium ayichaphazeleki ngokufanelekileyo kukugqwala kwemingxuma kunye nokuqhekeka kwamanzi olwandle, ngelixa i-316L stainless can drip kwi-chloride ezifudumeleyo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ngaphezulu kwama-25°C. I-Titanium ikwanyamezela isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi esiphezulu kakhulu. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo iyaphumelela kwixabiso lokuqala kunye nexesha eliphakathi kwinkonzo ephakathi.
Ngaba i-titanium iyagqwala emanzini anetyuwa?
Hayi. Umhlwa yi-iron oxide, kwaye i-titanium ayinayo i-iron ekhululekileyo yokuyenza. I-Titanium imelana namanzi olwandle ngefilimu ye-titanium dioxide ezinzileyo, eziphilisayo, ebola malunga ne-0.0005 mm ngonyaka emanzini olwandle angqongileyo, izinga eliphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuba libizwe ngokuba yi-immune.
Ngaba i-titanium yebanga lesi-5 ayimelani nokugqwala?
Ewe, kodwa iBanga lesi-5 lichazwe ngamandla nokudinwa, hayi ukugqwala. Limelana kakuhle namanzi olwandle kunye neekloridi, kodwa lithanda ukuqhekeka ngakumbi kunee-CP grades xa lisetyenziswa ngobushushu kwaye lihlala lihle kakhulu kuthotho lwe-galvanic, ngoko ke kufuneka lihlukaniswe ngombane kwiintsimbi ezingabalulekanga kangako.
Ingaba i-titanium yebanga lesi-2 ilungile kumanzi olwandle?
Ewe. Ibanga lesi-2 lelona qela liqhelekileyo lolwandle. Alinawo amandla okulwa namanzi olwandle akufutshane, liyamelana nokuqhekeka kwe-chloride kunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo, kwaye lidibanisa kwaye lenzeka lula. Umda walo kukusebenza kwe-chloride eshushu ngaphezu kwama-75-82°C kwiindawo ezixineneyo, apho kufuneka khona iBanga lesi-7 okanye iBanga le-12.
Isetyenziselwa ntoni i-titanium grade 7?
Ibanga lesi-7 lisetyenziswa ekucubungulweni kweekhemikhali, ekutshintshiseni ubushushu, nasekukhupheni ityuwa ngobushushu obuphezulu apho ukunciphisa ii-asidi okanye imingxunya ye-chloride eshushu yoyisa i-CP titanium. Ukongezwa kwayo kwe-palladium kubamba ifilimu engasebenziyo, kutyhala umda wemingxunya ukuya kuthi ga kwi-250-260°C.
Ngaba i-titanium ingadityaniswa nentsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Ewe, ngononophelo. I-Titanium ilungile kwaye inokukhawulezisa ukugqwala kweentsimbi ezingabalulekanga kangako. I-316L engasebenziyo ecaleni kwe-titanium ibonisa umahluko omncinci onokubakho, ngoko ke uhlaselo lwe-galvanic luncinci xa zombini zihlala zingasebenzi, kodwa ii-washers zokukhusela, imikhono, kunye nezibophelelo ezihambelanayo zezona zikhuselekileyo kwiinkqubo zesinyithi esixutyiweyo.
Ngaba i-titanium iyabola kwi-hydrochloric acid?
I-hydrochloric acid enyibilikisiweyo ihlasela i-CP titanium, yiyo loo nto iBanga lesi-7 likho. Ukongezwa kwe-palladium kwiBanga lesi-7 kuyamelana nee-asidi ezinciphisayo ezifana ne-hydrochloric kunye ne-sulfuric engafakwanga. Ii-asidi ezinciphisayo ezishushu zihlala zingumda kuzo zonke ii-titanium grades.
I-titanium crevice ibola kubushushu obungakanani emanzini olwandle?
Iigreyidi ezicocekileyo zorhwebo ziqala ukuhlaselwa yimingxuma kwiijiyometri zekloridi eziqinileyo nezishushu ezimalunga nama-70-82°C. Igreyidi yesi-5 idla ngokunyamezela amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, nangona iinkqubo ezirhabaxa zinokunciphisa umda wayo ukuya kuma-80°C. Igreyidi yesi-7 kunye neGrayidi ye-12 zandisa uluhlu ukuya kuthi ga kuma-250-260°C.
Ngowuphi umgangatho we-titanium ofanelekileyo ekucutshungulweni kweekhemikhali?
Ibanga lesi-7 lelona lisetyenziswa rhoqo kwinkonzo yamachiza arhabaxa kuba i-palladium yandisa uluhlu lwayo olungasebenziyo iye ekunciphiseni ii-asidi kunye nee-chloride ezishushu. Ibanga le-12 libonelela ngokusebenza kwe-chloride eshushu ekufutshane nebanga lesi-7 ngexabiso eliphantsi. Kwi-oxidizing chemical media, iBanga lesi-2 lidla ngokwanela ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu.
isiphelo
I-Titanium iyamelana nokugqwala ngefilimu ye-titanium dioxide eziphilisayo, kungekhona ngamandla e-alloy. Loo nto inye iqhuba isigqibo ngasinye sebanga. Ibanga lesi-7 lelona banga le-titanium elimelana nokugqwala, iBanga lesi-2 lelona qela lisebenza kakuhle kwi-marine kunye ne-chloride, iBanga le-12 luphuculo lwezoqoqosho lwenkonzo yokutshisa, kwaye iBanga lesi-5 likhethwe ngenxa yamandla ngononophelo lwe-galvanic. Kuzo zonke, i-matrix yendalo ibaluleke ngaphezu kodumo lophawu okanye ixabiso ngekhilogram.
Xa ubuza ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwetitanium olumelana kakhulu nokugqwala, impendulo yobunjineli enyanisekileyo yile: kuxhomekeke kwindawo engqongileyo, kwaye uhlobo olungabizi kakhulu oluhlala kuloo ndawo ludla ngokuba loluchanekileyo. Thelekisa iBanga lesi-2 neBanga lesi-5 xa amandla engena emfanekisweni, nyuka uye kwiBanga lesi-7 okanye kwiBanga le-12 xa kuvela ii-chloride ezishushu okanye ii-asidi ezinciphisiweyo, kwaye ulinganise i-316L eqinisekisiweyo nanini na xa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nexesha elikhokelayo ligqiba iprojekthi.
Ukuba uvavanya izixhobo zenkonzo yokugqwala, i-LIANYUNGANG DAPU METAL inokukunceda usebenze ngokuthelekisa. Iinjineli zethu zibonelela ngeengcebiso zobugcisa malunga nokukhethwa kwezinto kunye nemigangatho, kwaye sinikezela ngezinye iindlela zentsimbi engagqwaliyo eziqinisekisiweyo kubandakanya i-316L kwishiti, ipleyiti, ikhoyili, kunye neefom zepayipi. Nxibelelana nathi ukuze uhlole imeko yakho yokugqwala, ucele inkxaso yesatifikethi sovavanyo lwe-mill, okanye ufumane ikowuteshini kwiintsimbi esizibonelelayo.
