Yeyiphi iMetal enamandla kuneTitanium? Fumanisa eyona Metal inamandla ehlabathini

I-Titanium idla ngokulingana namandla. Ukukhaphukhaphu, ukuqina, kunye nokomelela kwe-titanium kuyenza ikhetheke kumzi-mveliso we-aerospace, izixhobo zonyango, kunye noomatshini bemizi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ubusazi ukuba kukho ezinye iintsimbi ezinamandla kune-titanium kwimiba ethile? Eli nqaku liphonononga ezona ziganeko zibangela umdla kwi-metallurgy-izixhobo ezidelela ulindelo kwaye zigqithise ukuqonda kwethu amandla kunye nokusebenza kwesinyithi. Ukusuka kwiialloyi ezihambele phambili ukuya kwizinto ezenzeka ngokwendalo, ezi zixhobo zingaqhelekanga aziceli mngeni intsomi ye-Titanium kuphela kodwa zikwaguqula ubunjineli bale mihla. Zilungiselele ukutyhila inzululwazi emva kwezi zinyithi kunye neentsimbi ezima kuqala kuluhlu lwamandla.

Yintoni intsimbi eyomeleleyo emhlabeni?

Ikholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba yeyona ntsimbi inamandla ehlabathini, imeko ye-tungsten njengesinyithi esivela ngokwendalo ayinakuphikiswa. Ixhamla kumandla okutsalwa angaqhelekanga angama-megapascals ayi-1510 (MPa), i-tungsten ibambe ibango lokuba yeyona ntsimbi inamandla ngokwendalo. Ngaphezu koko, ayinakuthelekiswa nanto kwiqondo lokunyibilika, inomlinganiselo ophantsi kwama-3422°C (6192°F) ophakamileyo kunayo nayiphi na isinyithi. Ithathwe kwiimeko ezinzima ngaphambili, ezi mpawu zimnika isikrweqe, izixhobo zeenqwelo-moya, kunye nezixhobo zoshishino.

Ukuqonda amandla okuqina kunye namandla okuvelisa

Ukuqina kunye namandla emveliso ziiparamitha ezimbini kwisayensi yezinto ezilungelelanisa ukusebenza komatshini wesixhobo esinamandla akhubazayo asetyenziswa kuwo. Njengoko igama libonisa, amandla okuqina lolona xinzelelo luphezulu lwezinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana nazo ngelixa isolulelwa okanye sitsalwa ngaphambi kokuba lusilele. Oku kunikezelwa ngokubanzi ngeemegapascals (MPa) okanye iiponti nge-intshi nganye (psi). Lixabiso eliphezulu lomda womthwalo wempahla. Amandla esivuno luxinzelelo apho izinto ezibonakalayo zibonisa ubunzima ngokwemigaqo yokuguqulwa okusisigxina. Emva kweli nqaku, into ayisayi kuphinda ibuyele kwisimo sayo sokuqala.

Thatha umzekelo, iialloyi zetitanium yokusebenza ephezulu kakhulu. Ingxubevange ye-titanium iqhuba kakuhle kakhulu ngelixa inamandla okuqina amalunga ne-1000 MPa kwaye ivelisa amandla amalunga nama-880 MPa. Olu lungelelwano lubonisa amandla abo amangalisayo kunye nokubumba. Iimetriki kufuneka ziqondwe kusetyenziso lobunjineli ukuba zibe nezixhobo ezikhethiweyo ezingayi kusilela okanye zide zigqwetheke kakhulu phantsi koxinzelelo lokusebenza. Ukudibana kwesivuno kunye namandla okuqina kwenza ukuba iinjineli ziyile izakhiwo kunye noomatshini abalungiselelwe ukhuseleko, ukuqina, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo.

Ukuthelekisa i-titanium kunye nentsimbi

Izinto ezisingqongileyo, ubunzima bezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye neempawu zazo zoomatshini zifuna ukuthelekiswa xa kuthelekiswa intsimbi kunye ne-titanium . Eyaziwa ngomlinganiselo wayo omangalisayo wamandla-ubunzima, i-titanium ilula phantse ngama-45% kunentsimbi, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, isebenza kakuhle kakhulu njengentsimbi. Oko kuyenza ifaneleke ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kushishino lweenqwelo-moya nakwamanye amashishini apho ubunzima bubaluleke kakhulu. Intsimbi, kwelinye icala, ingakumbi ii-alloys ezinamandla aphezulu, zinamandla amakhulu okutsalwa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwizakhiwo ezinzima kunye noomatshini; ezinye iiklasi zingaphezulu kwe-2000 MPa.

Enye into ebalulekileyo yokwahlula kuzo zombini iintsimbi kukuxhathisa kwazo ekumdleni. I-Titanium iyodlula intsimbi kulo mba ngenxa yokuba iyarusa ngokulula kakhulu ngenxa yetitanium diokside eyayigqumayo. Oku kuvumela i-titanium ukuba imelane neekhemikhali kunye nemekobume yaselwandle. Intsimbi yona kwelinye icala inokomelela kodwa ixhomekeke kwiingubo ukuyikhusela, ethanda ukukrwela. Ngokweendleko, intsimbi inoqoqosho kakhulu ngenxa yokulula kwayo ukuthenga nokuvelisa. Okuchaseneyo kuyinyaniso kwi-titanium kuba ukutsalwa kwayo kunye nokulungiswa kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi, kwandisa iindleko zayo. Oku kumenza abe lolona khetho lubiza kakhulu kwezi zimbini. Ekugqibeleni, isigqibo sehla kwisicelo esithile esiqatha umntu anaso engqondweni, kuba kufuneka alinganise ekujonganeni nobuso abufuna kakhulu - ubunzima, amandla, ukuxhathisa ukubola, okanye iindleko.

Ngaba i-tungsten yomelele kune-titanium?

Ngokwenene, i-titanium ibuthathaka kakhulu kune-tungsten kwimimandla yokuqina kunye nokomelela, njengoko i-tungsten iyeyona inamandla kwiintsimbi ezine zendalo. Uyongezwa ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko ezicinezelayo. Nokuba kunjalo, i-titanium iguquguquka ngakumbi kwaye ikhaphukhaphu kwaye ke iyenza ibengcono. Ngokwesiko, umntu unokuba neendlela ezininzi zokukhetha ukuba ufuna ukukhetha into ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi kunye nokumelana nokubola. Kungenjalo, uya kuba sesichengeni sokuqhekeka rhoqo.

Iipropati zesinyithi ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi

1. ialuminiyam

I-aluminiyam igutyungelwe ngamandla ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwayo kwizinto ezidlekayo, iimpawu zayo ezinjengokuqina kokuqina ukusuka kwi-70-700 MPa ngokuxhomekeke kwingxubevange kunye nonyango lobushushu kunye neqondo lokubila lokunyibilika malunga ne-1218 °C, kunye nobunzima bayo obuyi-2.7 g/cm³. Kobu bunzima, i-aluminiyam yeyona ntsimbi isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo emva kobhedu. Ekubeni sisinyithi, sisibhengezo esigqwesileyo sombane kunye nobushushu, ubhedu yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zombane kunye neentambo zothumelo. Kwisixhobo kunye ne-thermal systems, iyagqwesa ekuqhubeni ukushisa.

2. ubhedu

Iimpawu zombane zeCopper kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-thermal ziyinika njengento ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zombane ezifana neengcingo, iinguqu kunye neenjini. Inamandla e-tensile malunga ne-200 MPa, oku kuthetha ukuba inokudityaniswa ukuze iphucule amandla ayo ngeenjongo zoomatshini. I-ductility yayo kunye nokumelana nokubola kwenza ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo kwiinjongo zemibhobho kunye nezoshishino, ngokunjalo. Okokugqibela, iimpawu zayo ezizodwa ze-antimicrobial ngoku zisetyenziswa kwiisetingi zokhathalelo lwempilo ukuchukumisa umphezulu ukuze kuthintelwe ukusasazeka kosulelo lwebhaktheriya.

3. steel

Intsimbi yintsimbi kunye ne-carbon alloy enika ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo . Ukwakheka kunye nonyango lobushushu lwentsimbi kuya kutshintsha kakhulu iimpawu zayo. Intsimbi ethambileyo inamandla okutsalwa angama-400 MPa, ngelixa iintsimbi ezinamandla aphezulu zidlula i-2000 MPa. Oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezigqityiweyo zentsimbi ziyasuswa ukusuka kwizakhelo zokwakha ukuya kwiindawo zemoto. Nangona inamandla amakhulu ngexabiso eliphantsi, intsimbi ikwanokuchasana nokugqwala ngakumbi ngokongezwa kwe-chromium okanye i-galvanization.

4. Magnesium

I-Magnesium iyasebenza kakhulu, iyenza ithande ukubola; ifuna unyango okanye iingubo zokuzinza kwiindawo ezivezwayo. Amandla omatshini asezantsi amenza angathandeki ngokwesakhiwo, kunye ne-150 ukuya kwi-300 MPa. IManganese ihlala idityaniswa nezinye izinto ukunyusa ubulukhuni kunye nokuqina. Olu lwakhiwo lukwenza kube luncedo kwimveliso yamacandelo alula ukuthuthwa. Ngoxinaniso lwesibini esithathwini se-aluminiyam, i-magnesium yeyona nto ilula phakathi kwesinyithi.

Indlela i-tungsten carbide ithelekiswa ngayo ne-titanium

Xa uthelekisa i-Titan kunye ne-Tungsten carbide, le yokugqibela ibetha eyeyangaphambili phantse kuzo zonke iindidi. Nangona i-titanium iphantsi kweendleko, ibuthathaka kakhulu kune-tungsten elinganisa i-6 kwisikali se-Morh ngelixa i-Tungsten ihleli phezulu kwi-9-9.5. Oku kumenza abe namandla amakhulu kumlinganiselo wobunzima. Ngenxa yale tungsten ingasetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke izixhobo zemigodi kunye nokusika. I-Tungsten carbide, nangona kunjalo, ixinene kakhulu kune-titanium kwi-15.6 g/cm³, nto leyo yehlisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumalungu e-aerospace ngenxa yosetyenziso oluxhomekeke kubunzima. I-biocompatibility ye-Titanium nayo yodlula leyo ye-tungsten, idlulisela usetyenziso olukhethekileyo kufakelo lwezonyango, yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso ye-tungsten alloys. Ukubaluleka kobuchule bazo zombini imathiriyeli iyahlukana ngenxa yezi zizathu.

Zeziphi iintsimbi ezili-10 ezomeleleyo?

1. Tungsten – Esona sinyithi sinamandla sendalo, sithathwa njengesona sinamandla ngenxa yokomelela kwaso okungaqhelekanga kunye nendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika.
2. iTitanium - Le ntsimbi yomelele kakhulu kwaye inobunzima obukhaphukhaphu. Iyakwazi ukumelana nokubola kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwishishini lezonyango kunye ne-aerospace.
3. Chromium – Le ntsimbi iyaziwa ngokuba lukhuni kwayo ngoko ke ifumana indlela yayo njengento yokugquma isinyithi xa kucelwe ukuba kwenziwe izakhiwo ezomeleleyo nezizinzileyo.
4. steel -Intsimbi yi-alloy ephambili esetyenziswa kunye nekhabhoni kunye nezinye izinto kunye neempawu zayo ezifana namandla kunye nokuguquguquka okuyenza ibe yindleko ephantsi.
5. Tantalum - Esi sisinyithi siphathwa njengesona sixhathisayo ekudlekeni kwaye siqinile njengoko sifumana phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. I-Tantalum izifumana ikwi-electronics nakwiwijethi yezixhobo zonyango.
6. intsimbi – Intsimbi ibuthathaka ngokwayo. Nangona kunjalo, nge-alloying, i-iron iqina ngakumbi kwaye yenza isiseko sezinto ezininzi zesinyithi ezifana nentsimbi.
7. nickel – Le ntsimbi yomelele kwaye iyaxhathisa. Kwakhona kubalulekile kwi-alloy steel stainless.
8. Vanadium -Ukongezwa kwisinyithi ukuphucula amandla kunye nokuqina, i-vanadium isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwintsimbi yamandla aphezulu.
9. Cobalt -I-Cobalt iphawulwe ngamandla ayo kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu. Ngesi sizathu, isetyenziswa kwi-superalloys kwizicelo ze-aerospace.
10. I-Magnesium Alloys - Kwi-alloys ye-magnesium, amandla e-alloy enza ubunzima obuphantsi besinyithi, nangona bengenamandla njengentsimbi ecocekileyo. I-Magnesium Alloys iqeshwe kulwakhiwo kunye nolwakhiwo.

Iimpawu zeentsimbi ezili-10 ezinamandla kakhulu

1. Tungsten -Ukuqhayisa awona mandla aphezulu, malunga ne-1510 megapascals (MPa), yaso nasiphi na isinyithi esisulungekileyo, ukuqina okungenakulinganiswa kwe-tungsten kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kuyenza ibe luncedo emkhosini, izixhobo zentsimbi kunye neengcingo zombane.
2. Titanium -Ukumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi anetyuwa kunye nokusingqongileyo kolwandle, i-titanium inamandla okuqina e-1000 MPa kunye namandla kumlinganiselo wobunzima obungcono kunabo bonke. Ngenxa yoko, isetyenziselwa ukufakelwa kotyando, iindawo zobugcisa basemoyeni kunye nezithuthi ezingaphantsi kolwandle.
3. Chromium - Ngokubaluleka kwayo ekuphuculeni ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion yensimbi engenasici kunye ne-alloys ekhoyo, i-chromium inobunzima be-8.5 kwisikali se-Mohs.
4. steel -Intsimbi ingaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-alloy yentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlelo lwentsimbi, amandla ayo okuqina anokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-1860 MPa, oko kuyenza ibe yinto efunwa kakhulu kwizinto zokwakha, icandelo lezemoto, iziseko zophuhliso kunye nokuhamba. Isinyithi sithathwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona zinto ziluncedo kwimizi-mveliso.
5. Osmium -Isetyenziswa apho owona mgama usezantsi ufunwayo, i-osmium idume ngokuxinana okugqithisileyo kwi-22.59 gcm-3 kunye nokuba lukhuni ngokumangalisayo kwaye imelane nokukrazuka. Le propati inezondlo zoqhagamshelwano zombane zesibini kunye neepivots kwizixhobo ezibuthathaka.
6. Iridium – Kwakhona, i-iridium iye yamkele iimpawu, kunye neqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika kwe-2446 ° C kunye nobunzima obukhulu kunye nobuninzi, kunye ne-osmium. Ezi mpawu zivumela ukusetyenziswa kwi-Ultrapure gas-tight high-temperature crucibles kunye neeplagi ze-spark.
7. Tantalum - Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ziphakamileyo ezininzi ze-Tantalum showcases: amandla aphezulu kunye ne-ductile material edityaniswe namandla angenakulinganiswa okumelana nokubola nakwimimandla ene-acidic. I-Tantalum iyimfuneko kwi-resistors ephezulu yokusebenza kunye ne-low loss capacitors.
8. Vanadium -Iingxubevange zayo zisebenzisa i-tungsten kwizakhiwo ze-aerospace. I-Vanadium idla ngokuphindaphindiweyo ifakwe ngentsimbi, ukwandisa amandla okuqina, i-ductility, kunye nokumelana nokunxiba. I-alloys equkethe i-Vanadium iba yimfuneko kumacandelo e-automotive, izakhiwo kwi-aerospace kunye nezixhobo.
9. Cobalt -I-Cobalt superalloys ihlala yomelele kwaye igcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo. Usetyenziso lubandakanya ii-injini zomoya, ii-injini zejethi, kunye nezinto ezithile ezinomagnetic.
10. I-Magnesium Alloys -Ngelixa ingomelelanga ngokwendalo njengento esulungekileyo, iialloyi zemagnesium zinamandla okuqina amalunga nama-400 MPa ngelixa zigcina ingxinano ephantsi kwaye ke ziluncedo kuyilo lolwakhiwo lwezithuthi kunye neenqwelomoya.

Injani intsimbi xa ithelekiswa netitanium?

Umahluko kumandla oxinzelelo

Amandla acinezelayo achazwa njengowona mthwalo uphezulu into enokumelana nayo phambi kokuba ibotshwe okanye icuthe ubungakanani. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithwalo ye-axial esebenza kwizinto eziphathekayo akufanele idlule amandla ayo oxinzelelo; kungenjalo, bekuya kusilela. Ngamagama alula, umlinganiselo we-titanium wokuqina kobunzima buyamangalisa, kodwa ibakala elisulungekileyo le-titanium lidla ngokuba namandla acinezelayo naphi na phakathi kwe-480 MPa kunye ne-1100 MPa. Oku kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwe-alloy kunye neendlela zokucubungula ezisetyenzisiweyo. Intsimbi, ngakumbi xa yenziwe kuhlelo olukumgangatho ophezulu njengealloyi okanye iintsimbi zekhabhoni, zinokugqithisa ngakumbi la manani, ezinye zinamandla acinezelayo angaphezu kwama-2000 MPa ngenxa yezicelo ezithile. Ngoko ke. Ukukwazi ukunyamezela amandla ezinto eziphathekayo phantsi koxinzelelo olulawulwayo kwenza i-titanium ibe luncedo ngakumbi xa isetyenziswe kumacandelo afuna amandla aphezulu kwiinjongo zokuthwala umthwalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukukwazi ukongama kwe-titanium ekunciphiseni ubuninzi bezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokumelana noguquko oluthambileyo kubekwe njengokhetho lokukhetha kwizicelo apho ubunzima buyinqobo yoyilo oluphambili. Zonke izinto ezisecaleni, ezi zimbini kufuneka zisondele kwimbono yokuthetha ukuzinza kwexesha elide, iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo, kunye nesakhiwo esithile esiqwalaselwe ukuvavanya ukusebenza koxinzelelo loxinzelelo.

Ubungakanani bobunzima bobunzima be-titanium kunye nentsimbi

I-Titanium nayo inzima ukuyifumana kwaye ibiza kakhulu ukuyiqhuba, ephakamisa ixabiso layo xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi. Oku kuzisa iinjineli zamafutha kunye nabayili ukuba balinganise umsebenzi ngokwexabiso lomlinganiselo. I-alloy nayo ineenzuzo kunye neengozi zayo ngenxa yobunzima bayo ihleli kwi-4.5 g/cm³ kwaye ibambe amandla okuqina angama-1000 MPa. Intsimbi kwelinye icala inobunzima obuyi 7.8 g/cm³ ngeli lixa i-tensile ihlala phakathi kwe 400 MPa nangaphezulu kwe 2000 MPa. Oku kubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu ukuba nzima ukusebenza kunye nezakhiwo eziethe-ethe ekufuneka zithathele ingqalelo icandelo ngalinye. Kwi-scanner ye-MRI ye-S350 esanda kwakhiwa, ukudibanisa kwezakhiwo ze-titanium hovercraft kubonisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo kwi-aerospace, ejongene neemfuno zemigangatho yobunjineli.

Bubuphi ubunzima be-titanium xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintsimbi?

Ngokwamandla, i-titanium ithambile ngakumbi njengesinyithi kwaye yenza lukhuni ngaphantsi kwe-tungsten okanye intsimbi eqinile. Ulinganisa malunga nesithandathu kwi-Mohs hardness mineral scale ngelixa i-post-process hardened intsimbi idlula isixhenxe kunye neencopho ze-tungsten malunga ne-7.5. Ngelixa ubulukhuni obuphakathi be-titanium bunomtsalane, olona phawu lunamandla luxhathisa ukubola olulwenza lube lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwizicelo ezidinga ubunzima obuphantsi kodwa ukuqina okuphezulu.

Ukuqonda ubunzima kunye namandla empembelelo

Yonke imathiriyeli yeprojekthi kufuneka ibe nokukhethwa okunconyiweyo kwindlela nganye kwaye amandla empembelelo zizichasi ezibini ezijongana nolu khetho lungentla. I-metare kufuneka ibe nokhetho olukhulu ngaphandle kokuphuka phantsi kwamandla eempembelelo ahlukeneyo. Ukuqina kubhekiselele kwisixhobo sokunganyangeki, izixhobo ezifana nesikali se-mohs okanye ubulukhuni beVickers bumisela ezi mpawu. Ngelixa amandla empembelelo ingamandla asetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuba mangaphi amandla umntu anokuthi awathathe ngaphandle ngaphandle kokuwatyumza ukuya kumasuntswana, avavanywa ngovavanyo lwempembelelo ye-Charpy okanye ye-Izod.

Lurhwebo oluqhelekileyo lokuncama amandla empembelelo yokuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye nokuqhawuka. Thatha izinto ezinqabileyo ezifana neeseramikhi. Banobunzima obuphezulu kodwa abanakukwazi ukufunxa amandla ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Kwelinye icala, iialloyi zealuminiyam zinokuba nexabiso eliphantsi lobulukhuni, nangona kunjalo, zinempembelelo ephezulu yokuchasa, zenza ezi mathiriyeli zidumbe kwaye zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwizicelo eziguquguqukayo okanye ezilayishayo. I-alloying eyinkimbinkimbi kunye nonyango olushushu luhlala lufuneka ukuze kwandiswe zombini iipropati, enye yezenzo ezininzi zokulinganisa ezenziwa kwizinto eziphathekayo ukwanelisa iimeko zayo zokusebenza.

Yendalo vs. iintsimbi ezidibeneyo

Iintsimbi ezenzeka ngokwendalo zikholisa ukuba lubhedu olusulungekileyo, igolide kunye nesilivere. Ezi zisinyithi ngokwazo kwaye zineempawu zeathom kumabakala amaninzi athetha ngesakhiwo esisisiseko. Thatha ubhedu olusulungekileyo, umzekelo. Isetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yombane ngenxa ye-conductivity ephezulu ngenxa yokuhamba lula kwee-electron ngokusebenzisa i-lattice structure ye-crystal. Isizathu sokuba, akukho zintsimbi zisulungekileyo, kuba zihlala zingenawo amandla aneleyo oomatshini okanye ukuqina. Ke ngoko, ayinakusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu.