Umlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla ukuya kubunzima, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukusebenza ngeendlela ezininzi - ezi ziimpawu eziphambili ze-titanium ezenza ukuba ibe yinxalenye engenakwahlulwa yemizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo - ukusuka kubunjineli bezonyango ukuya kwi-aerospace. Nangona kunjalo, nangona i-titanium ihlala ithatha ingqalelo kwiimpawu zayo ezimangalisayo, iseyinxalenye nje yezinye zezinto ezininzi ezikhoyo kwindalo. Zeziphi ezinye iintlobo ze-alloys zesinyithi ezikhoyo ezikhaphukhaphu, ezinamandla, kwaye zisebenza injongo eyahlukileyo kune-titanium? Eli nqaku lijonga ngokweenkcukacha isayensi entsha yee-superalloys kwaye libonelela ngoluhlu lwezinto okanye iinkqubo zemiqondiso eziphambili kulo mzamo. Siqala ngobunzima obungafumanekiyo be-tungsten kunye namandla amangalisayo e-graphene, makhe sihlolisise ukuba ngubani isinyithi esomeleleyo . Nokuba ungumntu onamava kweli candelo, umntu oqhelekileyo onomdla kwisayensi, okanye unomdla nje kwimimangaliso ye-mechanical, le ncwadi sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuqonda ezi zinto zimangalisayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwihlabathi lokwenyani.
Isishwankathelo seTitanium kunye neePropati zayo
I-Titanium yinto ehlala ixesha elide kakhulu, ngexesha elifanayo, lizibonakalisa njengentsimbi ephantsi. Inepropathi ekhethekileyo xa ithelekiswa nezinye izinto ngokwamandla kunye noxinaniso, oluphezulu kwezo zinto zininzi. Kuba uqinile malunga ne-4.5 g/cm³, iphantse ilingane nentsimbi eninzi kodwa ingaphantsi kwe-60% ubunzima. Ngoko ke, ifaneleke kakuhle kwizicelo ezifuna ukonga umthwalo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla ayimfuneko. Nangona kunjalo, i-titanium nayo inokuba negalelo kwiinzuzo ezininzi ezikhangayo ezivela kwi-oxidizing ye-oxidizing yesinyithi, equka isenzo sayo esihle kakhulu sokuchasana nokuhlwa, umzekelo, amanzi olwandle, i-chlorine, kunye nayo nayiphi na enye imeko ye-aluminium surface, edibana ne-corrosive agents. Ngaphaya koko, intsimbi ekuthethwa ngayo ikhethekile kuba igcina zonke iipropati zayo eziluncedo, ezinjengozinzo lwe-dimensional, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, kunye nezinye iimpawu zokumelana nempembelelo ephezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuvezwe kumaqondo obushushu ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komkhenkce. I-Titanium yeyona ilungele ukufakelwa kunye neprosthetics njengoko i-biocompatible, ingena kakhulu kwaye ayinayo yonke into enobungozi. Iyakwazi ukuxuba kunye nemigangatho yamathambo ngaphandle kokubangela naluphi na ukusabela okubi; yiyo loo nto iluqheliselo lwemathiriyeli ngaphakathi kwemida efanelekileyo yobunjineli bebhayoloji.
Yintoni iTitanium?
Intsingiselo ye-Titanium, i-spelled Ti, ephethe inombolo ye-athomu engu-22, kukuba idume ngokuma kwayo kwi-periodic table njengentsimbi yokutshintsha. Akukho mntu uyiphikisayo into yokuba iziveza njengexhathisa kakhulu; iibhodi ezinamachaphaza zentsimbi yokuphoxa ziphezulu. Ukukwazi kwayo ukunganikezeli kumandla angaphandle kunesiseko esihle; intsimbi iyanyibilika malunga ne-1668°C (3034°F). Njengomhlaba, i-titanium itsalwa kwizinto ezifana ne-ilmenite, kunye ne-rutile kwaye emva koko iqhubekele phambili kwi-metallic okanye i-composite state ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Utshintsho olunjalo lwezakhiwo ze-titanium zenze ukuba kube yimfuneko ukudibanisa kwimiba efana neenqwelomoya, iimoto, noyilo lwaselwandle, apho ukusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwe-titanium kuxhaphake kakhulu ngenxa yokuchasana nokuqhekeka xa iphantsi komthwalo woxinzelelo oluphindaphindiweyo kwaye ayiyi kugqwala emanzini olwandle okanye naluphi na ulwelo oluneasidi, kwaye ngenxa yoko, izinto ezibalaseleyo zobunjineli kunye netekhnoloji ziye zahamba phambili ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Iipropati zeTitanium
Amandla aphezulu-ukuya-Ubunzima bomlinganiselo
Isinyithi seTitanium sixabiseke kakhulu ngenxa yobuninzi baso obuyi-4.5 g/cm³, obuyi-60% yobukhulu besinyithi. Amandla aphindaphindwayo anokufikelela kwi-1000 MPa nangona oku kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-alloy.
Nokumelana Resistance
Isetyenziswe kwiindawo apho i-corrosion ingaba ngumba, njengale, apho ibonakaliswe kumanzi anetyuwa, i-alkali, okanye enye imidiya ye-oxidizing kwiindawo zendlebe. Ukhuseleko lunikezelwa kwiintsimbi ngokuwabeka phantsi ukuze kuthintelwe ukwakheka kwe-oxide layer (TiO₂) kunye nokulahleka kwepitch.
Ukungqinelana
Okulandelayo, ngenxa yokunyamezela kwayo okuphezulu kumamkeli-zindwendwe, i-titanium isetyenziswa kakhulu kwicandelo lezonyango, ngakumbi xa kusenziwa izifakelo kunye nezixhobo zokwenza utyando. Sekunjalo, intsimbi ayisayi kuthotywa okanye ikhutshwe emzimbeni, njengoko umzimba ungayiboni, ikhuselekile kuyo, kwaye ayinakudleka kuyo.
Indawo yokuNyibilika ePhakamileyo
Indawo yokunyibilika ye-titanium imalunga ne-1668°C (3034°F), iyenza ibe yeyona nto ifanelekileyo kwizicelo ezifuna imo engqongileyo yobushushu obuphezulu obufana nezixhobo zenyukliya nee turbines zerhasi.
Ukwandiswa kweThermal ephantsi
Iimpawu ze-titanium zibonisa ngokubanzi i-coefficient yayo ezinzileyo yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, ethi kwiimeko ezininzi ingagqithi kwi-8.6 µm/m·K, ngoko ke isinyithi siziphatha ngokufanayo kumaqondo obushushu.
Excellent Fatigue Resistance
I-Titanium alloys, ngokukodwa, inexabiso elibalulekileyo lokumelana nokukhathala. Oku kuthetha ukukwazi kwesixhobo ukugcina imithwalo ephindaphindiweyo ngaphandle kokusilela kwixesha elide. Ukuchasana okunjalo kubalulekile kwi-aerospace kunye ne-structural applications.
Titanium vs Steel: Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa
| ye parameter | Titanium | steel |
|---|---|---|
| mninzi | 4.5 g / cm³ | 7.8 g / cm³ |
| Umlinganiselo wamandla ukuya kubunzima | Phezulu | Ngaphantsi |
| Nokumelana Resistance | Okuphezulu, ukumelana kakhulu | Ichaphazeleka kwiindawo ezithile |
| Ukuqhuba Ukushisa | 21.9 W/m·K | 50.2 W/m·K |
| Indawo yokunyibilika | 1,668 ° C | 1,370 ° C ukuya kwi-1,530 ° C |
| Ukusebenziseka | Kunzima ngakumbi ukwenza umatshini kunye ne-weld | Kulula kumatshini kunye ne-weld |
| ixabiso | phezulu | Ngokuthelekisa ngaphantsi |
| izicelo | I-Aerospace, amayeza, amashishini aselwandle | Ukwakhiwa, iimoto, iziseko zophuhliso |
| Imagnethi | I-non-magnetic | Ngokubanzi ngumagnetic |
| Ukuhlaziywa kwakhona | Iyarisayikilishwa kakhulu | Iyarisayiklishwa ngokubanzi |
Ezona Metali zinamandla emhlabeni
Ezona zimbiwa ezomeleleyo ezifumaneka kuqweqwe loMhlaba ngokwesiko zijongwa ikakhulu kwimbono yokuqina kokuqina, ukomelela kwesivuno, kunye nobulukhuni, kwaye i-tungsten igqame phakathi kwabo ngenxa yokuqina kwayo, efikelela ku-1510 MPa kakhulu, kwaye ayihambi ngaphandle kokutsho, ilungile nakwizicelo kunye neemveliso ezifuna amandla aphezulu kakhulu kunye nemithwalo. I-Titanium ingomnye umntu okhuphisanayo okhohlakeleyo, eqhayisa ngeempawu ezininzi ezithandekayo, kubandakanya ukuphotha okugqwesileyo kunye nokumelana nomhlwa, kunye nomlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu we-tin-to-weight, okwenza le mathiriyeli ibe lukhetho oluphambili kuzo zombini iinqwelomoya kunye nemimandla yezonyango. Ukongeza koko, intsimbi, ngakumbi kuhlobo lwekhabhoni kunye neefom ezidityanisiweyo, zibonakalise ukuba zisebenza kakhulu, zinika amandla aphezulu adityaniswe nezicelo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, umntu unokuyifumana kwizakhiwo ezininzi nakwiimoto.
Ukuchaza eyona Metal inamandla ehlabathini
Ekulinganiseni umtsalane wemathiriyeli enzima, izinto ezininzi ziyadlala, kubandakanywa ukomelela, amandla acinezelayo, amandla emveliso, kunye nobulukhuni. Oku kucacisa ukuba kutheni i-tungsten iqhelekile ukunxulunyaniswa namandla aphezulu kakhulu, njengoko imelana nokwaphuka phantsi komthwalo wangaphandle. Amandla okuqina e-tungsten malunga ne-1510MPa yenye yezona ziphakamileyo xa isiza kuzo zonke iintsimbi ezaziwayo. Iimathiriyeli ezifana nechromium nazo zaziwa ngokuqina kwazo okukhethekileyo umzekelo ukuba zezona zilukhuni kuzo zonke iintsimbi ezisulungekileyo njengoko isikali se-Mohs sisinika ixabiso le-9.0 elingenako ukukrweleka kwaye elingagugi lula.
Amaxesha amaninzi, iipropathi ezongeziweyo ezinjalo zisetyenziswa ngcono kwiintsimbi ezidityanisiweyo ngaphezulu kwemathiriyeli esulungekileyo. Umzekelo, kukho ingxubevange ye-titanium, emandla aphezulu xa ithelekiswa nobunzima bayo kwaye iqhayisa ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo kumhlwa, isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiimeko ezirhabaxa ezibandakanya isithuba se-aero kunye nezicelo zomkhosi, kwakhona, imeko ethile kule nto yintsimbi eguquguqukayo luhlobo lwealloyi eziguqulweyo zentsimbi ezikhutshwa ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba kukuguga ukuphumeza uxinzelelo lwesivuno esiphakamileyo (njengoko kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe amanqanaba angama-2000 njengomzekelo we-mpa) izixhobo, okanye isakhiwo rocket kuba ilungile iinkonzo uxinzelelo oluphezulu, izixhobo, kunye nokwakhiwa rocket.
Ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthelekisa idatha kumlinganiselo ohambelanayo kunye nesixhobo sokusondela kwizinto eziphathekayo, umntu unokuthi ngokuzithemba ukuba impendulo yombuzo othi "Yintoni eyona nto inamandla?" inokutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwiikhrayitheriya zokusebenza kwezinto eziqwalaselwayo. Igxininisa into yokuba imathiriyeli kufuneka ikhethwe emva kokuqondwa okucokisekileyo kunye nolwazi lwendlela imathiriyeli eneempawu zoomatshini kunye neemeko ezisetyenziswa phantsi kwazo.
Iintsimbi ezili-10 eziphezulu kakhulu kunye neempawu zazo
| isinyithi | Amandla Amandla | Unikeze Amandla | ukuqina | Izicelo eziphambili | Iinkcazelo ngeempawu eziphawulekayo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tungsten | 1510 MPA | 750 MPA | Mohs 7.5 | Izixhobo zokusika, imijukujelwa | Amandla okuqina aphezulu |
| Intsimbi (ingxubevange) | 1865 MPA | 1510 MPA | Iyahluka (Ukuya kwi-8 Mohs) | Ukwakhiwa, ukwenziwa kweemoto | Iguquguquka kwaye ineendleko ezifanelekileyo |
| Chromium | 687 MPA | 416 MPA | Mohs 8.5 | Iingubo, intsimbi engenasici | Iqinile kakhulu kwaye ayinyangeki kumhlwa |
| Titanium | 980 MPA | 434 MPA | Mohs 6-6.5 | I-Aerospace, izixhobo zonyango | Umlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla ukuya kuxinaniso |
| Iridium | 167 MPA | - | Mohs 6.5 | Umbane, iiplagi zentlantsi | Iqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika, ukumelana nokugqwala |
| Vanadium | 784 MPA | 275 MPA | Mohs 7 | Izixhobo, iinjini zejethi | I-Lightweight, iqinisa i-alloys |
| I-Magnesium Alloys | 331 MPA | 255 MPA | Mohs 2.5 | Iimoto, imizi-mveliso ye-aerospace | Ikhaphukhaphu, amandla anempembelelo ephezulu |
| Iingxube zeAluminiyam | 572 MPA | 324 MPA | Mohs 2.75 | Iifreyimu, ukwenziwa kweenqwelomoya | I-ductility ephezulu, ilula |
| nickel | 317 MPA | 586 MPA | Mohs 4 | Iibhetri, izixhobo zombane | I-Corrosion-resistant, magnetic |
| Cobalt | 600 MPA | 207 MPA | Mohs 5.5 | Ii-injini zeJet, ii-alloys ezixhathisayo | Imagnetic, indawo ephezulu yokunyibilika |
I-Metal yeNdalo vs i-alloy: Ukuthelekisa amandla
| imathiriyeli | Amandla Amandla | Unikeze Amandla | ukuqina | izicelo | Iipropati eziphambili |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| intsimbi | 540 MPA | 250 MPA | Mohs 4.5 | Ukwakhiwa, izixhobo | Yomelele, iyafikeleleka, inomhlwa |
| Intsimbi (ingxubevange) | 900 MPA | 450 MPA | Mohs 4-4.5 | Iibhulorho, izakhiwo | Amandla aphezulu, ahlala ixesha elide |
| ubhedu | 210 MPA | 33 MPA | Mohs 3 | Iingcingo zombane | I-conductive, ithambileyo |
| Ubhedu (Ingxubevange) | 540 MPA | 140 MPA | Mohs 3-4 | Izinto zokuhombisa, izixhobo | Iyakhazimla, iyamelana nomhlwa |
| Titanium | 980 MPA | 430 MPA | Mohs 6 | I-Aerospace, ukufakelwa kwezonyango | Ikhaphukhaphu, yomelele kakhulu |
| I-Titanium Alloys | 1,400 MPA | 1,000 MPA | Mohs 6-6.5 | Iinqwelomoya, izixhobo zebhayomedical | Umlinganiselo wamandla aphezulu ukuya kubunzima |
| Ubhedu (Ingxubevange) | 550 MPA | 200 MPA | Mohs 3 | Iibheringi, iimbasa | I-Corrosion-resistant, yomelele |
| ialuminiyam | 90 MPA | 35 MPA | Mohs 2.75 | Ukupakishwa, ukuthutha | Ikhaphukhaphu, inokuphinda isetyenziswe |
| Iingxube zeAluminiyam | 572 MPA | 324 MPA | Mohs 2.75 | Iifreyimu, ukwenziwa kweenqwelomoya | I-ductility ephezulu, ilula |
| nickel | 317 MPA | 586 MPA | Mohs 4 | Iibhetri, izinto zombane | I-Corrosion-resistant, magnetic |
| Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo | 860 MPA | 520 MPA | Mohs 5.5 | Izixhobo zotyando, izixhobo zombane | Imelana nomhlwa, yomelele |
Iintsimbi zomelele kuneTitanium
I-Titanium iyasilela ekubeni yenye yezona zimbiwa zinamandla apha phandle, ithatha amanyathelo ahlukeneyo anje ngokuqina, isivuno, kunye namandla okuqina. Iintsimbi ezimbalwa ezinokuthi zigqalwe njengezona ziqine kakhulu zezi zilandelayo:
- I-Tungsten: Iqondo eliphakamileyo lobulukhuni kunye namandla okuqina kwenza i-tungsten ibe lukhetho olumangalisayo njengesixhobo solwakhiwo kunye namandla ayo okuqina anyuka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,510 MPa, awona mandla aphakamileyo okuqina kuzo zonke iintsimbi zendalo, ngaphandle kweminye imiba. Akunzima kakhulu kuphela kodwa iyamelana nobushushu kunye nokunxiba kungoko iyenza ifaneleke ukusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokusika kunye nezicelo zokunxiba ezinzima.
- Stainless Steel (amabanga athile): Intsimbi ye-Electralloy enokuguqulwa iphucula amandla okuqina kwezinye iintsimbi ezingenasici, ezifana ne-strip J7/310/312, kwaye njengezinye iintsimbi ze-martensitic ezilungisiweyo, zinokufikelela kumandla okuqina ngaphaya kwe-860 MPa, zibonelela ngenye indlela ye-titanium kwezinye iindawo ngelixa zibonelela ngokuxhathisa umhlwa ngaxeshanye.
- Intsimbi yokuMaraging: Ukusetyenziswa kolwakhiwo ngokomyalelo we-2400 MPa nangaphezulu, intsimbi yokurhweba, ekwavunywa ngokomelela okuphezulu kakhulu, isetyenziswa kwizakhiwo ze-airframe kunye nemisebenzi yezixhobo. Ngelixa oku kuvumela amaxabiso anjalo amandla aphezulu, imathiriyeli inokonakala kwaye/okanye yenziwe ngokulula kakhulu xa kusetyenzwa okanye kusenziwa iimilo kuyo.
Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa kwizicelo apho amandla aphezulu afunekayo, kunye nezizathu ezongezelelweyo amandla aphezulu, ukuqina, kunye nokuthembeka, njengoko zihlala zigqithisa i-titanium kwizicelo ezinjalo.
Tungsten: Intshatsheli kubunzima bobunzima
ITungsten kunokuthiwa yintsimbi enomtsalane ngenxa yoxinaniso oluphezulu, 19.25 grams per cubic centimeter, ekwafana naleyo yegolide. Ngaphaya koko, njengakuninzi lwehlabathi, ubunzulu bokunyibilika kwe-tungsten kuma-3452°C (6236°F) yeyona ndawo yokunyibilika phakathi kwazo zonke isinyithi, kwaye amandla aqinile angaphezu kwe-1510 MPa ayenza ibe yimathiriyeli yentsimbi efikelela kude enegunya eliphezulu lokunyibilika elisetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo malunga nobushushu. Njengemathiriyeli, ineempawu ezizodwa eziqhube usetyenziso lwayo kuyilo oluntsonkothileyo, olufana nokwakhiwa kwemilomo ye-rocket injini, izibonelelo zokukhusela kwimitha, kunye nokusikwa, nto leyo engamkelekanga ngokucacileyo ngenxa yemekobume enobundlobongela kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ukuphucula kunye nokongeza ezinye iintsimbi, ezi ngxube ze-tungsten-based alloys ixesha elininzi ziqulethe i-nickel kunye nentsimbi ezigatya ubunzima bazo obuphezulu ngelixa zigcina iimpawu zazo eziphambili kwinkqubo, ngoko ke intsimi ebanzi yokusebenza kwezinto ezinjalo.
I-Chromium: UKhetho olunzima kunye noLomelele
I-Chromium idume ngokuqina kwayo okumangalisayo, ukuxhathisa kwendalo kwiikhemikhali, kunye nokhuseleko olugqwesileyo kubushushu obugqithisileyo, zonke iipropathi ezibalulekileyo eziyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa kumashishini amaninzi. Ubushushu obuphezulu bokunyibilika obuyi-1,907°C, budibene nokuxhathisa kwayo kwi-oxidation njengoko kucatshulwe ngasentla, kwenza kube lula ukuba ichromium isebenze kwiindawo ezinobundlongondlongo kakhulu, njengakwinqwelomoya okanye kwicandelo lemichiza. Ngokusisiseko, esinye sezicelo eziphambili ezidweliswe ngasentla kukugqiba ukuhombisa, okubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-chromium plating ukunyusa ukuxhathisa ukunxitywa kunye nomonakalo womaleko, ukubonelela ngesithintelo esiqinileyo, esiqinileyo esilungele izinto ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi iimoto kunye nezixhobo zomatshini. Ngaphaya koko, ichromium yinto ebalulekileyo ekwenziweni kwentsimbi engatyiwayo, njengoko iyomeleza kakhulu kwaye yongeza ukuxhathisa kwayo ekudlekeni. Olu lungelelwaniso lukhethekileyo lweempawu ezibalaseleyo - ukuqina, ukomelela kunye nokusebenza kwakhona okuphantsi - kuseta i-chromium kwimfuno ebalaseleyo kushishino lwanamhlanje.
I-Tungsten Carbide: Eyona nto inzima kakhulu
I-Tungsten carbide yimathiriyeli edibeneyo edibeneyo eneempawu ezintle. Inzima kakhulu kwaye yomelele yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo. I-tungsten carbide ekhethekileyo kunye nehlala ixesha elide inokubizwa ngokuba yi-tungsten carbonide yenziwe ngexabiso elilinganayo lekhabhoni kunye ne-tungsten efunyenwe kwitafile ye-periodic kwaye ngenxa yolo kwakheka, kukho umahluko omkhulu wokuqina xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi kunye neyokugqibela enobulukhuni obumalunga nesithoba kwisikali se-Mohs esikhulu kunobulukhuni be-tungsten carbide. Ukongezelela, umba kunye nento kunye neekhatriji kubushushu obuphezulu be-5,200 ° F (2,870 ° C), obunika izinto eziphathekayo amandla okumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo.
Usetyenziso lwezinyithi ezomelele
Isinyithi esomeleleyo ngakumbi sisetyenziswa kumashishini apho indalo ehlala ixesha elide, ukuqina okukhulu, kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nomonakalo wokusingqongileyo kubalulekile. Umzekelo:
ukwakhiwa
Kufuneka sisebenzise intsimbi kunye ne-titanium, izinto ezenziwe ngokugqibeleleyo, ukwakha izakhiwo eziphakamileyo kunye neebhulorho, kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezinkulu, njengoko zinamandla akhethekileyo afunekayo kwiprojekthi.
I-Aerospace
Umzekelo, iintsimbi ezinokukhanya kakhulu, ezifana ne-titanium okanye i-aluminiyam zithandwa kakhulu kwishishini leenqwelomoya ukugcina ubunzima buncinci kwaye bugcine ubungqongqo.
Intsimi yezonyango
Olu hlobo lwentsimbi, oluyintsimbi engatyiwayo, kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi exutywe nentsimbi eyicobalt-chromium, kuba ayikhuthazi umsebenzi webiopolymer emzimbeni womntu.
Industry Automotive
Ngokomzekelo, intsimbi ekhaphukhaphu, eyomeleleyo, eyomelele kakhulu kunye ne-aluminiyam isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizakhelo zezithuthi kunye namanye amacandelo ukuze kuphuculwe ukhuseleko lwesithuthi, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwesithuthi.
Ngoko ke, kulula ukubona indlela ukubaluleka kweentsimbi ezinamandla ngakumbi okukhula ngayo kumashishini amaninzi kunye nesidingo sokuphuhlisa iteknoloji entsha kunye nokusebenza kwiindawo ezinkulu zenkonzo.
I-Aerospace: Izixhobo eziKhala kwaye ezomeleleyo
Icandelo le-aerospace lithembele kakhulu kwizinto ezitsha ezomelele kwaye zikhaphukhaphu, zinika amandla ayimfuneko ngelixa uphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kunye nokugcina intembeko yesakhiwo apho kusetyenziswa khona izinto. Kolunye, i-aluminiyam isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwakhiweni kwee-airframes kuba inika ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kokutya, ubunzima obuphantsi, kunye nomlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla ukuya kubunzima, ovumela iqondo eliphezulu lokulungiswa kwesakhiwo. Ngaphezu koko, kuwo nawaphi na amacandelo afakwe phantsi kwemeko yokusebenza enzima kwaye exhomekeke kulawulo lobushushu obugqithisileyo, njengeenjini ezincedisayo okanye i-absorber yokothuka, amaxesha okugoba anokuba ngowona mgangatho uphezulu okanye uphezulu, ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-titanium compotes, kunye noluhlu lweepropathi ezikhethekileyo ezibandakanya ukuqina, ukuzinza kubushushu kunye nokuguquka kunye nokumelana nokudinwa ngokubanzi, ngoko ke kusetyenziswa iipropathi zokudinwa.
Enye yezona nkqubela ziphambili kwimathiriyeli ye-aerospace kukudityaniswa kwe-carbon fiber composite. Ezi zinto zikwibhalansi egqibeleleyo yamandla kunye nokukhanya kobunzima, kwaye, ke ngoko, zinamandla okusetyenziswa kuwo, umzekelo, iipaneli zangaphandle, okanye amaphiko ezicwangciso zomoya, inqwelomoya ye-supersonic, okanye ezinye iinkqubo ezidibeneyo zesithuba. Ngaphandle koko, i-composites ibonelela ngokunciphisa ubunzima bokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kunye nomthamo womthwalo wokuhlawula kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kuphuculwe ukuxhathisa ngokuchasene nohlaselo lokusingqongileyo kunye nezinto ze-aerodynamic.
Uphuhliso lwamva nje lujongana nomda wemathiriyeli efana negraphene kunye ne-ceramic matrix composite (CMC) ukwenza nzulu ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo ze-aerospace. Imathiriyeli efana negraphene, eyaziwa ngamandla ayo aphezulu okuqina kunye neempawu zokuqhuba kakuhle, inokuba lulutho kwisizukulwana esilandelayo soluvo kunye nezixhobo zombane. Ukusebenzisa amandla afanelekileyo kwenye imbiza kuthetha ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile ezifana ne-CMC kwiinjini zejethi kunye neebhleyidi ze-injini yomoya, ezinokufikelela kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo ngaphandle kokuguga.
Ulwakhiwo: Ukomelela kwiSakhiwo
Kukhuselekile ukuthi ingcamango yokomelela ekwakhiweni iye yazuza umlinganiselo omkhulu wokubaluleka ngenxa yokwanda kobunzima bemekobume neentlekele zemvelo ezinokubakho. Ngokweendlela zolwakhiwo lwale mihla, kuqwalaselwa ngononophelo eyona ndibaniselwano isebenzayo yemathiriyeli yokwakha kunye nezakhiwo, kunye nophuhliso lweendlela zokuqina nokhuseleko olongeziweyo. Umzekelo, izixhobo zokwakha ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezifana ne-ultra-high-performance kunye neeplastiki eziqiniswe ngefayibha zibutshintsha ngokuthe ngqo ubuso becandelo lokwakha ngomlinganiselo wabo wokomelela kubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokukwazi ukumelana namandla angaphandle agqithisileyo, anje ngeenyikima kunye neenkanyamba.
Ngaphezu koko, iitekhnoloji zokwakha ezihlakaniphile, ngendlela yeenkqubo ezinikwe amandla inzwa, zivumela ukubeka iliso ngexesha langempela lempilo yesakhiwo, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwa iindleko ezingeyomfuneko ezinxulumene nokulungiswa komonakalo kunye nokulahleka kobomi obunokwenzeka kwiimeko ezinobungozi. Masithi naluphi na uyilo olubambekayo lwesakhiwo esiluhlaza kunye nokudibanisa amandla okusebenza kunye nengqiqo yokwakha eyomeleleyo ifikile. Kwimeko apho, oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba izakhiwo azenzelwanga ukuba ziphile kumandla angaphandle kodwa ngokwenene zilwa nemikhosi ngeendleko ezincitshisiweyo okanye ubuncinane zingandisi ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo. Ezi ntlobo zenkqubela phambili ziye zavela ngokwefilosofi ukwenza iziseko ezixhasayo zabantu, kugxilwe kukhuseleko kunye neziseko zophuhliso, ngelixa ujonga iindlela ezintsha zehlabathi.
Izixhobo zonyango: Ukuhambelana kwe-Biocompatibility kunye namandla
Ukuyilwa kwezixhobo ezijonga umzimba njengento yonke ejikeleze undoqo kufuna ukuba izixhobo zibe nobuhlobo kumzimba. I-Biocompatibility ithi ngokuthe ngqo umatshini ungasetyenziselwa okanye ufakwe emzimbeni, kodwa awubangeli ukutshatyalaliswa Kwizixhobo zonyango ezifana nalezi, izinto ezinobuthi azinyamezelwanga, izinto ze-allergenic zithintelwe kwaye izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuneka zisebenze kakuhle ngaphakathi kwenkqubo, kunye ne-non-allergens, ukuphepha imiphumo engathandekiyo enokuthi ifike kunye nokuvuvukala. Ukunciphisa umngcipheko we-allergies okanye ukwaliwa, phakathi kwezinye iimeko okanye usulelo, izixhobo kufuneka zihambelane ne-biocompatible, kwaye zihambelane ne-anatomy yomntu. Izisombululo ezivelayo ziqulathe iinguqulelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu wepolymer kunye ne-titanium alloys, ezifanelekileyo ngenxa yamanqanaba aphuculweyo e-biomechanics kunye ne-biocompatibility.
Amandla nawo ayinto ebalulekileyo, ngakumbi kwizixhobo ezilungiselelwe ukunxitywa kunye nokulayisha ukufakwa okanye ukufakwa ngokusisigxina. Ngokomzekelo, ukufakelwa kwe-orthopedic kunye ne-cardiovascular stents kufuneka kuxhathise i-deformation xa ilayishwa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ayiphuli i-clinical sterility kunye namanqanaba okhuseleko ngaxeshanye. Ukuphumelela kobunjineli bamva nje oku kuphuhlise izisombululo zomonakalo omncinci kwizinto eziphathekayo, iindlela eziphambili ezidibanisa ukucubungula kunye nokunxiba ukuchasana kwinqanaba elisondeleyo kwizicubu zomntu, ezichaphazelekayo kunotyando. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-biodegradable zezixhobo zonyango zexeshana, kuyayinciphisa imiphumo yexesha elide ngelixa ibonelela ngoncedo olwaneleyo kwixesha lokulibaziseka lokuphilisa.
Ukumisela ezona zinyithi zinamandla
Ukulinganisa ukusebenziseka kwesinyithi, ezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo zibandakanya amandla okuqina, amandla emveliso, kunye nokuqina. I-Tungsten yenye yesinyithi enegunya eliphezulu lokuqina kwaye kukholelwa ukuba yeyona ntsimbi inamandla kwintsingiselo ezolileyo yegama. Amandla ayo okuqina amisela isalathiso sayo sokungaphumeleli oluluxinzelelo apho ikwaziyo ukuma ngaphandle kokuphuka. Nangona, ngobulukhuni, iChromium yinkwenkwezi egqibeleleyo. Kunqabile ukuba kunconywe njengoko kuqatha kakhulu ngokuchasene nalo naluphi na uhlobo lokukrazula. Ngaphezu koko, ngokwembono ye-aerospace kunye nezicelo zonyango, amandla kunye nokukhanya okulula kuqondwa ngokugqibeleleyo yi-Titanium. Ezinye ii-alloys zirust steel okanye i-carbon steel nazo zomelele njengoko zenziwe ngobunjineli bokwandisa amandla kunye nefuthe lezinto ezisebenzayo. Eli hlabathi lihamba phambili ngentsimbi, i-titanium kunye nentsimbi engatyiwa ngaphandle; yeyiphi 'eyona inamandla' ngayiphi injongo?
Amandla Okuqina kunye Nokuqina KweSivuno Kucacisiwe
Kwimeko yoxinzelelo-uxinzelelo, amandla okuqina kunye namandla okuvelisa zimbini zeeparamitha ezibaluleke kakhulu ezivumela ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha kwezinto phantsi kwemithwalo. Ngokwenkcazo, amandla okuqina lolona xinzelelo luphezulu loxinzelelo olunokuthi luphuhliswe yimathiriyeli ngaphambi kokusilela. Lo mba wenzululwazi yemathiriyeli inomsebenzi, ngakumbi kuyilo apho imithwalo kufuneka ithathwe ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na indlela yokusilela okwenzekayo, njengakwimeko yomqadi okanye kuyilo lomatshini olusebenza kakhulu. Ukuguqulwa ngenxa yoxinzelelo luqala kwinqanaba, kwintsimbi kwimeko yezinto eziphathekayo, ephezulu kunomda we-elastic, obizwa ngokuba yi-isivuno amandla.
Uninzi lweealloyi ze-titanium zinomlinganiselo wokuqina wokuqina wama-434 MPa kunye namandla esivuno angama-275 MPa, asetyenziswa ukubonisa ukuba yomelele kangakanani na imathiriyeli. Ukugoba phantsi koxinzelelo kuthetha ukuba inokumelana ne-deformation. Ukuthelekisa kunye nentsimbi enamabanga ahlukeneyo-umzekelo wentsimbi yekhabhoni enepesenti ephezulu yekhabhoni, enokufikelela kumandla okuqina we-1200 MPa kwaye amandla esivuno angaphezulu kwe-350 MPa-luncedo olukhulu ekwenziweni. Ngaphandle kokuba, uxinzelelo oluVunyiweyo lwemathiriyeli nganye lunokwahluka ngokuncomekayo, ke ngoko, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla ezinto eziphathekayo kwizicelo ezithile nalo lwahluka.
Amandla empembelelo: Ukuvavanya ukusebenza phantsi koxinzelelo
Amandla empembelelo yipropathi ephambili yemathiriyeli umlinganiselo wayo ubonisa ukufunxwa kwamandla kunye nokuchasana kwesixhobo ngokuchasene nokusilela ngequbuliso okanye ngequbuliso. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kubaluleke kakhulu kumalungu oomatshini aphantsi kweempembelelo zequbuliso, ezifana nezo zikushishino lweemoto, ulwakhiwo lweenqwelomoya, kunye noomatshini abaninzi abasetyenziswa kushishino. Ukusebenza kwamandla empembelelo kaninzi kulinganiswa kusetyenziswa iindlela zovavanyo ezimiselweyo ezifana novavanyo lwempembelelo ye-Charpy kunye ne-Izod, ebandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-pendulum swinging ngokuchasene neesampuli ezilungiselelwe kakuhle de zaphuke, eziqhagamshelwe kwigeyiji yamandla ebhalisa amandla afunekayo.
Thatha, umzekelo, iiplastiki ezininzi zobunjineli ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi apho i-polycarbonate ilungile eyaziwa ngamandla ayo aphezulu empembelelo kuluhlu lwe-600-800 J / m kwaye ngoko ke isetyenziselwa iinjongo zokhuseleko, ezifana nokwenza izibuko zokukhusela. Ezinye izinto ezifana nentsimbi zinamandla amancinci kwaye zingaphantsi kwe-20 J / m kwaye ngenxa ye-brittleness yazo, azithembisi ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kwiindawo ezihambayo. Ukuqonda olu phawu kunceda ekuqikeleleni izinto ezilindelekileyo kwiimeko zokusebenza zangempela, kunye noyilo lwemixube ephucula ubomi obude kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo.
Imithombo yoReferensi
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"Impembelelo yehydrogen ekuhambeni kweplastiki kwe-titanium kunye nee-alloys zayo" :
- Iziphumo eziphambili: Iphonononga indlela i-hydrogen echaphazela ngayo uxinzelelo lwesivuno kunye nokuhamba kweplastiki kwi-titanium alloys, ngakumbi i-Ti-6Al kunye ne-Ti-6Al-4V.
- Funda ngokugqithisileyo
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"Ukuphuculwa kwamandla okutsalwa kunye neempawu zesakhiwo seentsimbi ezifakwe i-alloy ephantsi eziweldwe ngesarha ngokongeza i-titanium kunye ne-manganese kwi-agglomerated flux" :
- Iziphumo eziphambili: Iphanda umphumo wokongeza i-titanium kunye ne-manganese kwiintsimbi eziphantsi ze-alloy, ukuphucula amandla okuqina kunye ne-microstructure.
- Funda ngokugqithisileyo
