Iintlobo ezintlanu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo yi-austenitic, i-ferritic, i-martensitic, i-duplex, kunye ne-precipitation-hardening (PH). Iiklasi ze-Austenitic ezifana ne-304 kunye ne-316 zibangela ngaphezulu kwe-50% yemveliso yehlabathi kwaye zezona zikhethwayo kwizicelo ezininzi ezimelana nokugqwala. Usapho ngalunye luneempawu ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini, iiprofayili zeendleko, kunye neemfuno zokwenza ezigqiba ukuba yeyiphi efanele ukusetyenziswa kwiinkcukacha zakho.
Ngowama-2024, umphathi wokuthenga eDubai wayekhangela izinto zokwakha zeprojekthi yolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zangaphakathi. Injineli eyayisebenza yachaza intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L. Umphathi wafaka iodolo. Xa ifika i-316L, yasebenza kakuhle. Ikwabiza ngaphezulu kwama-30 ekhulwini kune-304, nto leyo eyayiza kubonelela ngokumelana okufanayo nokugqwala kuloo ndawo yomileyo, enomoya opholileyo. Izinto zazilungile. Inkcazelo yayingalunganga.
Uninzi lwezikhokelo zichaza ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Zimbalwa ezichaza indlela yokukhetha phakathi kwazo, okanye indlela yokuphepha ukuhlawulela ukusebenza okungekho mfuneko. Esi sikhokelo sigubungela zonke iintsapho ezintlanu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, amabakala azo aphambili, kunye neendlela zokukhetha ezibalulekileyo ekuthengeni nasekubunjineli. Uya kufunda nendlela yokuqinisekisa uhlobo kwiSatifikethi soVavanyo lweMill kwaye xa ukuphucula ukuya kwinqanaba elibizayo kufanelekile ixabiso.
IItrakthi ezibalulekileyo
- Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yase-Austenitic (304, 316) lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo, lwenza ngaphezulu kwama-50 ekhulwini emveliso yehlabathi. Ayinamagnethi kwaye inika ukumelana okuhle nokugqwala.
- Iigreyidi zeFerritic (430, 409) azinazo i-nickel, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe nexabiso elizinzileyo kwaye zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi. Zilungele iindawo zangaphakathi nezingenamhlwa.
- Iiklasi zeMartensitic (410, 420, 440C) zinokuqina ngonyango lobushushu. Zilungele izixhobo, izixhobo zokutya, kunye nezixhobo ezimelana nokuguguleka.
- Ii-Duplex grades (2205, 2507) zidibanisa amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana ne-chloride ephezulu. Zibiza kakhulu kodwa zinokunciphisa umthamo wezinto ngesiqingatha.
- Amanqanaba okuqina kwemvula (17-4 PH) anika umlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla nobunzima kwizixhobo zeenqwelo-moya kunye nezenyukliya.
- Ukukhetha kufanele kuqale kwindawo yenkonzo, kungekhona uluhlu lwamaxabiso. Ukubeka iinkcukacha ezigqithisileyo kwi-316 kwiimeko ezithambileyo kudla i-20 ukuya kwi-35 ekhulwini kwixabiso lezinto eziphathekayo.
Ukuze ufumane umbono obanzi weempawu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, jonga eyethu isikhokelo esipheleleyo sentsimbi engenasici.
Zeziphi ezi 5 Iindidi zeStainless Steel?
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ayiyonto inye. Lusapho lwee-alloys ezisekwe kwisinyithi eziqulethe ubuncinane i-10.5 yepesenti ye-chromium. I-chromium yenza umaleko we-oxide ongasebenziyo kumphezulu othintela ukugqwala. Ngaphaya kwaloo mpawu iqhelekileyo, ezi ntsapho zintlanu zahlukile kwisakhiwo sekristale, umxholo we-alloy, iimpawu zoomatshini, kunye nexabiso.
Imakethi yentsimbi engagqwaliyo yehlabathi ifikelele kwi- I-146 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2026, ngokwesi I-World Stainless AssociationAmanqaku e-Austenitic kuphela abangela oku Iipesenti ezingama-53.2 zaloo marike ngokwexabisoUkuqonda umahluko phakathi kweentsapho kubalulekile kwiinjineli ezichaza izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye namaqela okuthenga azithengayo.
Iintlobo zeNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo ngokuKhawuleza
| uhlobo | Ulwakhiwo lweCrystal | Magnetic | Nokumelana Resistance | Iindleko ezizalanayo | Amabanga aqhelekileyo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-Austenitic | Ityhubhikhi egxile kubuso (FCC) | Hayi* | Zintle | Phakathi | 304, 316, 321, 310 |
| IsiFerritic | Ityhubhikhi egxile kumzimba (BCC) | Ewe | Phakathi | Ngaphantsi | 430, 409, 439 |
| IMartensitic | I-tetragonal egxile kumzimba (BCT) | Ewe | Phakathi | phakathi | 410, 420, 440C |
| Duplex | I-FCC exutyiweyo + i-BCC | Ewe | Phezulu kakhulu | phezulu | 2205, 2507 |
| Imvula-Ukuqina | Kuya | Kuya | Kulungile | phezulu | 17-4 PH, 15-5 PH |
*Amanqanaba e-Austenitic ngokubanzi awasebenzisi magnethi xa efakwe kwi-anneal. Ukusebenza ngokubandayo kunokungenisa amandla emagnethi amancinci.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluneenkcukacha ngebakala ngalinye, jonga kwi- insimbi kumanqanaba isixhobo.
Iintlobo zeNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo: I-Austenitic (Uthotho lwama-300)
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yase-Austenitic yeyona isebenzayo kushishino kwaye yeyona ixhaphakileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Iqulethe i-16 ukuya kwi-26% ye-chromium kunye ne-6 ukuya kwi-22% ye-nickel, eqinisa ulwakhiwo lwe-cubic olusebusweni kubushushu begumbi. Olu lwakhiwo lunika amabakala e-austenitic indibaniselwano yawo ebalulekileyo yokwakheka, ukudityaniswa, kunye nokuqina kuluhlu olubanzi lobushushu.
AmaBanga aPhambili
- 304 / 304L: Uhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo esetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. I-304L lolona hlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo ethintela ukuna kwe-carbide ngexesha lokuwelda.
- 316 / 316L: Yongeza i-molybdenum eyi-2 ukuya kwi-3 ekhulwini ukuze ikwazi ukumelana ne-chloride ephezulu. Olu khetho luqhelekileyo kwiindawo zaselwandle nakwiikhemikhali.
- 321: I-Titanium-zinziswe ukuze isebenze kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu apho ukubola kwe-weld kuyingxaki.
- 310: Umxholo ophezulu we-chromium kunye ne-nickel kwiindawo zesithando kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
- 303: Uhlobo loomatshini olukhululekileyo olunesalfure eyongezelelweyo. Kulula ukuyifaka kumatshini kodwa ukuwelda okunciphileyo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.
Iipropati kunye nezicelo
Iigreyidi ze-Austenitic azinamagnethi xa zifakwe kwi-annealed. Zihlala ziqinile kumaqondo obushushu abandayo kwaye zinokusetyenziswa ebanda ukuze zonyuse amandla. Ukuwelda kuhle kakhulu, nangona iigreyidi ze-L ezinekhabhoni ephantsi okanye iigreyidi ezizinzileyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe kwizakhiwo eziwelding ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvakala.
Izicelo ziquka izixhobo zokulungisa ukutya, iitanki zeekhemikhali, iifacade zokwakha, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nezinto zoshishino ngokubanzi. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya kwiindidi eziqhelekileyo, jonga izikhokelo zethu ukuze I-304 insimbi engenasici kwaye I-316 insimbi engenasici.
Amanqaku okuthenga
Iiklasi ze-Austenitic zezona zifumaneka kakhulu kubathengisi behlabathi. I-304 yinkcazo emiselweyo ngaphandle kokuba imeko-bume iqulethe ii-chloride okanye ifuna ukusebenza okuphezulu kobushushu. Umxholo we-nickel wenza la manqanaba axhomekeke ekuguquguqukeni kwamaxabiso xa iimarike ze-nickel zitshintshatshintsha. Xa uthelekisa iikowuteshini, qinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso adibene nomlinganiselo othile we-nickel.
Ukuba ufuna amaphepha entsimbi engagqwaliyo okanye imibhobho yentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwiindidi ze-austenitic, uninzi lwababoneleli lugcina izinto ezisemgangathweni ezifana ne-304 kunye ne-316.
Iintlobo zeNtsimbi engagqwaliyo: I-Ferritic (Uthotho lwama-400)
Iintsimbi ezingenasici zeFerritic ziqulathe i-10.5 ukuya kwi-30% ye-chromium kunye ne-nickel encinci okanye engekhoyo. Ulwakhiwo lwe-cubic oluphakathi komzimba luzenza zibe nomtsalane. Azinakwenziwa ziqine ngonyango lobushushu, kwaye ukwakheka kwazo kuphantsi kune-austenitic grades. Nangona kunjalo, zibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kwiindawo ezithambileyo ngexabiso eliphantsi nelizinzileyo.
AmaBanga aPhambili
- 430: Uhlobo lwe-ferritic oluqhelekileyo. Ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kokusetyenziswa ngaphakathi. Isetyenziswa kwizixhobo, kwizixhobo zasekhitshini, nakwizinto zokuhlobisa iimoto.
- 409: Uhlobo olungabizi kakhulu olune-11% ye-chromium. Ixhaphakile kwiinkqubo zokukhupha umoya kwiimoto.
- 439: Uhlobo lwe-430 oluzinziswe yiTitanium oluphuculweyo ngokudityaniswa kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.
- 444: Udidi olongezwe yiMolybdenum olune-chloride resistance esondela kwi-316 ngexabiso eliphantsi.
Iipropati kunye nezicelo
Iigreyidi zeFerritic zinomtsalane. Zinokumelana nokugqwala okuphakathi kwaye zinokumelana nokuqhekeka kokugqwala okuxineneyo. Ngenxa yokuba azinazo i-nickel, amaxabiso azo azinzile ngakumbi kuneegreyidi ze-austenitic.
Usetyenziso luquka iinkqubo zokukhupha umoya kwiimoto, iidrama zomatshini wokuhlamba impahla, izixhobo zasekhitshini, izinto zokwakha zangaphakathi, kunye neephaneli zezixhobo. Kwiindawo zangaphakathi okanye ezingagqwali kakhulu, i-430 ingathatha indawo ye-304 ngokunciphisa iindleko ezibalulekileyo.
Amanqaku okuthenga
Iqela lokuthenga kwinkampani ethengisa izinto zangaphakathi eGuangdong litshintshe ukusuka kwi-304 ukuya kwi-430 yeepaneli ezingezozakhi zolwakhiwo ngo-2023. Olu tshintsho longe malunga ne-15% kwixabiso lezinto eziluhlaza ngaphandle komahluko olinganisekayo kubomi benkonzo kuba iindawo azizange zijongane nokuvezwa yingqele. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba usetyenziso lwalungaphakathi, alunazo i-welded, kwaye alunazo izakhi zolwakhiwo.
Xa ufumana amanqanaba e-ferritic, qinisekisa ukuba iimpawu zemagnethi aziyi kuphazamisana nosetyenziso. Ezinye iindawo zokuvala ze-elektroniki kunye nemigca yokulungisa ukutya zifuna izinto ezingezizo zemagnethi.
Iintlobo zeNsimbi Engagqwaliyo: iMartensitic
Iintsimbi ezingenasici zeMartensitic ziqulathe i-11.5 ukuya kwi-18 ekhulwini ye-chromium kunye ne-0.15 ukuya kwi-1.2 ekhulwini ye-carbon. Umxholo ophezulu we-carbon uzivumela ukuba ziqine ngokuzicima nokuzifudumeza, njengeentsimbi zezixhobo. Zinamandla amakhulu kwaye zinika amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka, kodwa ukumelana kwazo nokugqwala kuphantsi kune-austenitic okanye i-ferritic grades.
AmaBanga aPhambili
- 410: Uhlobo olusisiseko lwe-martensitic. Ingalungiswa ngobushushu xa inzima ngendlela ephakathi. Isetyenziselwa iivalvu, iishafts, kunye nezinto ezipompo.
- 420: Umxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni ukuze kube nokuqina okukhulu. Ixhaphakile kwiizitya, izixhobo zotyando, kunye neenkuni.
- 440C: Eyona ndlela inzima kwiindidi eziqhelekileyo ze-martensitic. Isetyenziselwa iibheringi, iimela, kunye nezixhobo ezichanekileyo.
Iipropati kunye nezicelo
Iigreyidi zeMartensitic zinokufikelela kubunzima obuphezulu kakhulu ngonyango lobushushu. Zinamandla kwaye ziyasebenziseka xa zifakwe kwi-anneal. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwanele kwiindawo ezithambileyo kodwa akufani neegreyidi ze-austenitic.
Izinto ezisetyenziswayo ziquka izixhobo zokusika, iibhleyidi zeturbine, izixhobo zotyando, izinto zevalvu, imiphini, kunye nezixhobo. Ezi nqanaba zibalulekile xa ukumelana nokuguguleka kunye nobunzima kubaluleke ngaphezu kokuxhathisa ukugqwala.
Amanqaku okuthenga
Iiklasi zeMartensitic zihlala zifuna iinkcukacha zonyango lobushushu kwiodolo yokuthenga. Isatifikethi sovavanyo lweMill se-410 kwimeko ye-annealed sibonisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini kune-410 eqinileyo kwi-HRC 40. Qinisekisa ukuba i-MTC iyahambelana nemeko yobushushu efunekayo. Ukuba umthengisi wakho unikezela ngezinto ezi-annealed kuphela, unokufuna ukulungiselela unyango lobushushu ngokwahlukeneyo.
Iintlobo zeNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo: iDuplex
Iintsimbi eziqinileyo ezimbini zinolwakhiwo oluxutyiweyo lwe-austenite engama-50 ekhulwini kunye ne-ferrite engama-50 ekhulwini. Olu lwakhiwo lubini luzinika amandla okuvelisa aphindwe kabini kunamazinga e-austenitic ngelixa zigcina ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu. Zine-chromium ephezulu, i-nickel ephakathi, kunye ne-nitrogen eyongeziweyo.
AmaBanga aPhambili
- 2205 / S31803: Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-duplex. Inika amandla kunye nokumelana ne-chloride kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zoshishino.
- 2507 / S32750: I-duplex ephezulu ene-chromium ephezulu, i-molybdenum, kunye ne-nitrogen. Yeendawo ezinobungozi kakhulu.
Iipropati kunye nezicelo
Iindidi ezimbini zinomtsalane. Amandla azo okuvelisa aphindwe kabini kunalawo angama-304 okanye angama-316, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izinto ezincinci zinokusetyenziswa kumthwalo ofanayo wolwakhiwo. Zinika ukumelana okuphezulu nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo kunye nokuqhekeka kwemigodi kwiindawo ze-chloride.
Izicelo ziquka ukucutshungulwa kweoyile negesi, izityalo zeekhemikhali, izixhobo zokukhupha ityuwa, izakhiwo zaselwandle, imithambo yoxinzelelo, kunye nezitya zokugaya i-pulp kunye nephepha. Kwiindawo zaselwandle apho i-316 inokuba nzima khona, i-duplex idla ngokuba lukhetho olungabizi kakhulu xa kujongwa ubungakanani bezinto ezibonakalayo.
Amanqaku okuthenga
Iiklasi ze-duplex zibiza kakhulu ngekhilogram kune-316. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba zomelele, uyilo lungasebenzisa amacandelo amancinci. Umyili weenqanawa zoxinzelelo eSingapore ubalele ukuba ukutshintsha ukusuka kwi-316L ukuya kwi-2205 kunciphisa ubukhulu beplate ngama-30 ekhulwini. Ixabiso lezinto ngekhilogram laliphezulu, kodwa ubunzima bezinto bubonke babuphantsi, kwaye ixabiso leprojekthi iyonke laliphantse lingabi nacala kwaye imida yokugqwala ingcono kakhulu.
I-duplex yokuwelda ifuna abawelda abafanelekileyo kunye nokufakwa kobushushu okulawulwayo. Qinisekisa ukuba umenzi wakho unesatifikethi sokuwelda se-duplex ngaphambi kokuba ucacise olu sapho. Ukuwelda okungafanelekanga kunokutshabalalisa isakhiwo esilinganayo kwaye kunciphise amandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.
Iintlobo zeNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo: UkuNatha-Ukuqina (PH)
Iintsimbi ezingenasici eziqinisa imvula zidibanisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-chromium-nickel kunye namandla aphezulu kakhulu afunyanwa ngonyango lobushushu oluqinisa indalo. Zivala umsantsa phakathi kweentsimbi ezingenasici ze-martensitic kunye neentsimbi ezingenasici eziqinileyo.
AmaBanga aPhambili
- 17-4 PH: Uhlobo lwe-PH olusetyenziswa kakhulu. Indibaniselwano elungileyo yamandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala.
- 15-5 PH: Uhlobo lwe-17-4 olunokuqina okuphuculweyo kunye neempawu ezinqamlezileyo.
Iipropati kunye nezicelo
Amanqanaba e-PH anokuqiniswa ukuze afane neentsimbi ezininzi ze-alloy ngelixa egcina ukumelana nokugqwala okuphakathi. Zisetyenziswa kwiindawo apho umlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla ukuya kobunzima ubalulekile.
Izicelo ziquka izinto zeenqwelo-moya, izixhobo zolwandle ezinamandla aphezulu, iindawo ze-reactor zenyukliya, iigiya, iivalvu, kunye neeshaft. Ezi ziimpawu ezincinci ezinexesha elide lokuqhuba kunye neendleko eziphezulu.
Amanqaku okuthenga
Amanqanaba e-PH adla ngokuveliswa ngokwemigangatho yeenqwelo moya efana ne-AMS 5643. Amaxesha okukhokela angaba made kunemigangatho eqhelekileyo ye-austenitic. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zoshishino, amanqanaba e-duplex anika ibhalansi engcono yamandla, ukumelana nokugqwala, kunye nokufumaneka. Cacisa i-PH kuphela xa imfuneko yamandla idlula ngokwenene oko i-duplex inokukunika.
Uthelekiso lweeNtlobo zeNtsimbi engaGciniyo
Le theyibhile ilandelayo ishwankathela umahluko obalulekileyo obalulekileyo kwizigqibo zokuthenga.
| ipropati | I-Austenitic | IsiFerritic | IMartensitic | Duplex | PH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isivuno Amandla (MPa) | 200-300 | 240-350 | 400-1,900 * | 450-650 | 700-1,380 * |
| Nokumelana Resistance | Zintle | Phakathi | Phakathi | Phezulu kakhulu | Kulungile |
| Magnetic | Hayi | Ewe | Ewe | Ewe | Ewe |
| Ukuweldability | Zintle | Kulungile | Poor | Ulungile (ufanelekile) | Kulungile |
| Ubushushu Buyanyangeka | Hayi | Hayi | Ewe | Hayi | Ewe |
| Iindleko ezizalanayo | Phakathi | Ngaphantsi | phakathi | phezulu | phezulu |
| Iifom eziqhelekileyo | Iphepha, ikhoyili, umbhobho, ibha | Iphepha, ikhoyili | Ibha, ipleyiti | Ipleyiti, umbhobho, ibha | Ibha, ipleyiti, ukubumba |
*Emva konyango lobushushu
Indlela yokukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo
Inkqubo yokukhetha echanekileyo iqala kwindawo yenkonzo, hayi uluhlu lwamaxabiso.
Inyathelo 1: Chaza imeko-bume
- Zeziphi iikhemikhali okanye iityuwa eziza kuchaphazeleka yile nto?
- Yintoni iqondo lobushushu?
- Ngaba ezi zinto ziza kuvezwa emoyeni wolwandle okanye wonxweme?
- Ingaba isicelo singaphakathi okanye ngaphandle?
Inyathelo lesi-2: Chaza iiMfuno zoMatshini
- Ngawaphi amandla afunekayo?
- Ngaba le nto iza kudityaniswa?
- Ingaba ukumelana nokuguguleka kubalulekile?
- Ngaba iimpawu zemagnethi ziyamkeleka okanye azivumelekanga?
Inyathelo lesi-3: Chaza imiqobo yokwenziwa
- Ngaba izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ziya kwenziwa, zenziwe ngomatshini, okanye zifakwe i-weld?
- Ngaba unako ukufikelela kubawelda abafanelekileyo be-duplex ukuba kuyimfuneko?
- Ingaba unyango lobushushu luyafumaneka ukuba kukhethwe amanqanaba e-martensitic?
Inyathelo lesi-4: Vavanya iindleko ezipheleleyo
- Ixabiso lezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ngekhilogram linye kuphela into ebalulekileyo.
- Cinga ngeendleko zokwenziwa, ukugcinwa, amaxesha okutshintshwa kwezinto, kunye nomngcipheko wexesha lokungasebenzi.
- I-Duplex ingabiza ngaphezulu ngekhilogram kodwa ingabizi kakhulu xa iyonke ukuba iindawo ezincinci zanele.
- I-Ferritic ingabiza kancinci ngekhilogram kodwa ifuna ukutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezinoburhalarhume.
Umgibe Wokucacisa Okugqithisileyo
Ngowama-2023, iqela lokugcinwa kwezityalo zeekhemikhali eThailand latshintsha iqela leetanki ezingama-304 zangaphakathi nge-316L kuba “i-316 ingcono.” Amatanki ayegcina amanzi angena-ion kwiqondo lobushushu eliphakathi. Amatanki angama-304 angaphakathi aye ahlala iminyaka elishumi elinesibini ngaphandle kokubola okukhulu. Ukutshintshwa kwe-316L kubize ngaphezulu nge-28% kwaye akuzange kunike tshintsho olusebenzayo kubomi benkonzo. Inkcazo yayingalunganga ekuqaleni. Ukuphuculwa bekungafuneki.
Ukuze ufumane uncedo ekukhetheni umgangatho ofanelekileyo kwindawo okuyo, iqela lethu linikezela ngeengcebiso zobugcisa ngokusekelwe kwisicelo sakho esithile.
Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo yeMagnetic vs Non-Magnetic
Imagnetism yinto eqhelekileyo ebangela ukudideka. Iigreyidi ze-austenitic kuphela eziqhele ukuba zingasebenzisi imagnethi kwimeko ye-annealed. Zonke ezinye iintlobo zisebenza ngemagnethi.
Ukusebenza ngokubandayo kunokubangela ukuba amanqanaba e-austenitic aphuhlise ubunewunewu obuncinci kuba ukuguquka kudala iindawo ezincinci ze-martensite. Oku akuchaphazeli ukumelana nokugqwala, kodwa kunokubaluleka kwizicelo ezikufutshane nezixhobo ezibuthathaka okanye kwimigca yokucubungula ukutya esebenzisa abahluli bemagnethi.
Ukuba iimpawu ezingezizo zemagnethi zibalulekile, chaza amabakala e-austenitic afakwe kwi-anneal kwaye uqinisekise nomthengisi wakho.
Imida yoBushushu ngokweNtlamo yeNsimbi engaGciniyo
Imida yobushushu bokusebenza iyahluka ngokwentsapho kunye nomgangatho.
- I-Austenitic: Ibalasele kakhulu ukusuka kumaqondo obushushu angabonakaliyo ukuya kuthi ga kuma-800 degrees Celsius, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba. I-310 kunye ne-321 zenzelwe inkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu eqhubekayo.
- IsiFerriticNgokuqhelekileyo kulinganiselwe kuma-400 ukuya kuma-500 degrees Celsius. Ngaphezulu kolu luhlu, ukubhitya kuba yingxaki.
- IMartensitic: Isetyenziswa ukuya kuthi ga kuma-650 degrees Celsius xa ishushu. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ayayithambisa loo nto.
- Duplex: Ngokwesiqhelo iqondo lobushushu lilinganiselwe kuma-300 degrees Celsius ukuze isebenze ixesha elide. Ngaphezulu kobu bushushu, ibhalansi ye-austenite-ferrite iyatshintsha.
- PH: Ngokwesiqhelo kulinganiselwe kuma-315 ukuya kuma-480 degrees Celsius kuxhomekeke kunyango lokwaluphala.
Kwizixhobo ze-furnace kunye nezixhobo zenkqubo yokushisa okuphezulu, qinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wakho ulinganiswe ngobushushu bokusebenza obuhlala ixesha elide, kungekuphela nje iincopho eziqhubekayo.
Imigangatho kunye neziqinisekiso ngokohlobo
Amashishini ahlukeneyo afuna imigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Iziko leNickel ipapasha izikhokelo zobugcisa malunga nokukhethwa kwezinto ngokwendalo. Iingxelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
- ASTM A240: Ipleyiti, ishidi, kunye nomcu wemithambo yoxinzelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi
- ASTM A276: Iibhari kunye neemilo
- ASTM A479: Iibhari kunye neemilo zeebhoyila kunye neenqanawa zoxinzelelo
- ICandelo le-ASME II: Izixhobo zesitya soxinzelelo
- NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156: Iimfuno zenkonzo emuncu yeoyile negesi
- 3-A Imigangatho yococeko: Iimfuno zomphezulu wokutya nezixhobo zobisi
- Iinkcukacha ze-AMSImigangatho yezinto zeenqwelo-moya, ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiimabakala e-PH
Xa uthenga intsimbi engagqwaliyo kwimizi-mveliso elawulwayo, chaza umgangatho kwi-odolo yokuthenga kwaye uqinisekise ukuthotyelwa kweSatifikethi soVavanyo lweMill.
Iziqinisekiso zovavanyo lweMill: Yintoni omawuyiqinisekise kuhlobo ngalunye
Isatifikethi sovavanyo lweMill sisiqinisekiso sakho soko ukufumeneyo. Iintsapho ezahlukeneyo zifuna izinto ezibalulekileyo zokuqinisekisa.
Kwiiklasi ze-austenitic, qinisekisa umxholo we-chromium, i-nickel, kunye ne-molybdenum. Kwi-316L, qinisekisa umxholo wekhabhoni ungaphantsi kwe-0.03 pesenti. Kwi-304, qinisekisa umxholo we-nickel ubuncinci yi-8 pesenti.
Kwiiklasi ze-ferritic, qinisekisa umxholo we-chromium kwaye uqinisekise ukungabikho kwe-nickel ebalulekileyo. Abanye ababoneleli banokutshintsha i-ferritic endaweni ye-austenitic ukunciphisa iindleko, ezinokufunyanwa ngokujonga umxholo we-nickel.
Kwiiklasi ze-martensitic, qinisekisa umxholo wekhabhoni kunye nobunzima emva konyango lobushushu. I-MTC kufuneka ichaze imeko yobushushu.
Kwiiklasi ze-duplex, qinisekisa ukuba i-chromium ingaphezulu kwe-21%, i-molybdenum ingaphezulu kwe-2.5%, kwaye i-nitrogen ikhona. Umxholo we-ferrite kufuneka ube phakathi kwe-40 kunye ne-60%. Abanye abathengi bacela ingxelo eyahlukileyo yovavanyo lwe-ferrite.
Kuzo zonke iintlobo, qinisekisa ukuba inombolo yobushushu kwi-MTC iyahambelana neempawu ezikwizinto. Ukuba ukuchaneka kubalulekile, cela uvavanyo lwe-Positive Material Identification (PMI) njengenyathelo elongezelelweyo lokuqinisekisa.
Ngokuthenga izinto zoshishino ngendlela eqhelekileyo, iimveliso carbon steel kwaye amanqanaba angenasici ayafumaneka ngeSatifikethi esipheleleyo soVavanyo lweMill. Kwiinkonzo zokusika nokwenza, sikwabonelela ngokulungiswa ngokwezifiso kuzo zonke iintlobo zentsimbi engenasici.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi engatyiwayo?
Iintlobo ezintlanu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo yi-austenitic, i-ferritic, i-martensitic, i-duplex, kunye ne-precipitation-hardening (PH). I-Austenitic yeyona ixhaphakileyo, ilandelwa yi-ferritic. I-Martensitic isetyenziselwa ubulukhuni, i-duplex yokuqina kunye nokumelana ne-chloride, kunye ne-PH kwiimfuno zamandla agqithisileyo.
Loluphi uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yase-Austenitic yeyona ixhaphakileyo, ibangela ngaphezulu kwama-50 ekhulwini emveliso yehlabathi. Ibanga 304 lelona nqanaba lisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabanye.
Ngaba yintsimbi engenazintsimbi?
Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo. Amanqanaba e-Austenitic afana ne-304 kunye ne-316 ngokubanzi awasebenzi kwi-magnetic xa efakwe kwi-anneal. Amanqanaba e-Ferritic, i-martensitic, i-duplex, kunye ne-PH asebenza kwi-magnetic. Ukusebenza ngokubandayo kunokwenza amanqanaba e-austenitic abe ne-magnetic kancinci.
Loluphi uhlobo oluqinileyo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Amanqanaba okuqinisa imvula afana ne-17-4 PH anika amandla aphezulu. Amanqanaba amabini afana ne-2205 anika amandla okuvelisa aphindwe kabini kunamazinga e-austenitic kwaye ahlala eyindlela efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu okumelana nokugqwala.
Loluphi uhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo olulungele ukusetyenziswa ekhitshini?
I-Grade 304 austenitic stainless steel yindlela eqhelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwezinki zasekhitshini, izixhobo, kunye nezixhobo. I-Grade 316 isetyenziselwa ukucubungula ukutya okunetyuwa eninzi okanye okune-asidi eninzi. I-Grade 430 ferritic isetyenziselwa iiphaneli zokuhombisa ezingabizi kakhulu. Ukuze ufumane iimfuno zomthetho, jonga isikhokelo sethu ku intsimbi engenasici yokutya.
Loluphi uhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo olubiza kancinci?
Iindidi zeFerritic ezifana ne-409 kunye ne-430 zihlala zixabiso eliphantsi kuba azinazo i-nickel. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo olufanelekileyo olungabizi kakhulu luxhomekeke kwisicelo. Ukusebenzisa iFerritic kwindawo yolwandle kuya kubiza kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yokutshintshwa kwangaphambi kwexesha.
Ngaba zonke iintlobo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zinokudityaniswa?
Amanqanaba e-Austenitic anokudityaniswa kakuhle. Amanqanaba e-Ferritic anokudityaniswa kakuhle kunye nokufakwa kobushushu okulawulwayo. Amanqanaba e-Martensitic afuna unyango lobushushu lwangaphambi kokufudumala kunye nonyango lobushushu emva kokudityaniswa. Amanqanaba amabini afuna abawelda abafanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo ezilawulwayo. Amanqanaba e-PH anokudityaniswa kakuhle kwimeko ephathwayo ngesisombululo.
Ithetha ukuthini i-18/8 kunye ne-18/10?
La manani abhekisa kumxholo we-chromium kunye ne-nickel. I-18/8 ithetha i-18% ye-chromium kunye ne-8% ye-nickel, emalunga ne-grade 304. I-18/10 ithetha i-18% ye-chromium kunye ne-10% ye-nickel, eluhlobo oluphezulu lwe-nickel olunokwakheka okungcono kancinci.
Isetyenziselwa ntoni intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-duplex?
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ephindwe kabini isetyenziswa ekucubungulweni kweoyile negesi, kwizityalo zeekhemikhali, ekukhutshweni kwetyuwa, kwizakhiwo zaselwandle, nakwimithambo yoxinzelelo. Amandla ayo aphezulu avumela iindawo ezincinci, kwaye ukumelana kwayo nekloride kudlula oko kwe-316.
Ndingaqinisekisa njani uhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo endiyifumeneyo?
Jonga iSatifikethi soVavanyo lweMill ukuze ubone ukuba ikhemikhali ixutywe na ngokweemfuno. Kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo, cela uvavanyo lwePositive Material Identification (PMI) okanye uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali yamabala ukuqinisekisa umgangatho.
isiphelo
Iintlobo ezintlanu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo nganye isebenzela iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zobunjineli kunye nokuthengwa. Amanqanaba e-Austenitic afana ne-304 kunye ne-316 zezona ziqhelekileyo zokuxhathisa ukugqwala. Amanqanaba e-Ferritic anikezela ngexabiso eliphantsi kwiindawo ezithambileyo. Amanqanaba e-Martensitic azisa ubulukhuni bezixhobo kunye neendawo zokuguguleka. Amanqanaba e-Duplex adibanisa amandla kunye nokumelana ne-chloride kwizicelo ezifuna amandla kwimizi-mveliso. Amanqanaba okuqinisa imvula akhonza iindima ezinamandla aphezulu. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunceda abathengi bahambelane nemigaqo neemeko zenkonzo.
Ukhetho olufanelekileyo luxhomekeke kwindawo esingqongileyo, iimfuno zoomatshini, indlela yokwenziwa, kunye neendleko zizonke zobunini. Ukuqala ngeemeko zenkonzo kunye nokusebenza kwizinto — endaweni yokusilela ukufikelela kwinqanaba elibiza kakhulu — kuya kuvelisa iziphumo zobunjineli ezingcono kunye neendleko zokuthenga eziphantsi.
Ukuba ufuna izixhobo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo eziqinisekisiweyo kunye neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo zeprojekthi yakho elandelayo, nxibelelana nathi ukuze ufumane ikowuteshini. I-LIANYUNGANG DAPU METAL CO., LTD ibonelela ngamashiti entsimbi engagqwaliyo, iikhoyili zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, iipayipi, kunye neebha kuzo zonke iintsapho ezinkulu ngeSatifikethi esipheleleyo soVavanyo lweMill kunye nokuhanjiswa kwihlabathi liphela.
