Ukwahlulwahlulwa kweendidi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwiintsapho ezintlanu kubandakanya iinkqubo zokubala ezixhomekeke kwizakhiwo zekristale zendidi kunye nomxholo wazo wezinto zokudibanisa. Amanqanaba aqhelekileyo aquka i-304 kwizicelo zenjongo ngokubanzi, i-316 kwiindawo ezingcolisayo, kunye ne-430 kwizicelo zemagnethi ezinobunzima beendleko.
Ngowama-2023, isityalo sokulungisa ukutya kwiPhondo laseJiangsu sachaza intsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-201 kumgca omtsha wokucoca ubisi ukuze kongiwe iindleko zezinto zokwakha. Iipleyiti zokutshintsha ubushushu zafumana ukugqwala kwe-chloride pitting kwisithuba seenyanga ezili-14, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo kwaye yangcolisa iqela lemveliso. Le mpazamo yabiza malunga ne-$47,000, eyadlula imali eyayigcinwe ekuqaleni ekukhetheni uhlobo olungabizi kakhulu.
Le meko iyenzeka rhoqo. Iinjineli kunye nabaphathi bokuthenga bayasokola ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo oluhambelana neemfuno zabo zokusebenza. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezingachanekanga kuphumela kwiziphumo ezimbini zeendleko zokugcinwa kunye neziphumo ezintathu ezikhokelela ekuchithweni kwemali eninzi phakathi kweziphumo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo.
Isikhokelo sentsimbi engagqwaliyo sibonisa zonke iintlobo ezikhoyo kunye neentlobo zazo ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zazo ezahlukeneyo zezinto. Iintsapho ezintlanu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zikhona njengamaqela amahlanu ahlukeneyo aqulathe i-304 kunye ne-2205 njengeemigangatho eziqhelekileyo, kunye neenkcukacha zazo zoomatshini, amanqaku okumelana nokugqwala, kunye neendlela zokwenza, kunye neendleko zazo zizonke. Isakhelo sikuvumela ukuba ukhethe iimigangatho ezifanelekileyo zoshishino ezihambelana neemfuno zakho ezithile.
IItrakthi ezibalulekileyo
- I-304 yeyona nqanaba liqhelekileyo, elimele malunga ne-50% yemveliso yentsimbi engagqwaliyo yehlabathi
- I-316 yongeza i-2-3% ye-molybdenum ekuchaseni ukugqwala kwe-chloride okugqwesileyo kune-304 eqhelekileyo
- Intsimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic engu-430 ixabisa ngaphantsi kwe-30-40% kodwa inika ukumelana nokugqwala okuphantsi kwaye inamandla ombane.
- Amaxabiso e-PREN alinganisa ukumelana nemingxuma kwaye ancede iinjineli zithelekise amanqaku ngendlela echanekileyo
- Iintsapho ezintlanu (i-austenitic, i-ferritic, i-martensitic, i-duplex, i-precipitation hardening) zichonga iipropati zemagnethi, ukuwelda, kunye nokuqina
Ngaba ufuna uncedo lokuchonga umgangatho ofanelekileyo kwiprojekthi yakho? Iqela lethu lokukhetha izinto lingahlalutya imeko yakho yokugqwala, iimfuno zamandla, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali ukuze licebise umgangatho wentsimbi engagqwaliyo ofanelekileyo.
Yintoni iStainless Steel?
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yintsimbi equlethe ubuncinane i- 10.5% ye-chromium ngobunzima. Umphezulu wentsimbi uphuhlisa umaleko ongashukumiyo, okhoyo njengomaleko obhityileyo we-oxide ocacileyo ngenxa yomxholo we-chromium. Umaleko ongashukumiyo, oquka ikakhulu i-chromium oxide (Cr2O3), uyekisa ioksijini kunye nokufuma ekufikeleleni kwisinyithi esingaphantsi, nto leyo ethintela ukwakheka komhlwa.
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo igcina amandla ayo okumelana nokugqwala nokuba umphezulu wayo ukrwelwe, ngelixa intsimbi yekhabhoni ilahlekelwa yile propati. Umaleko ongasebenziyo unamandla okuzilungisa. Umqobo okhuselayo uyatshintsha xa i-chromium inyibilika ngokusebenzisana kwayo neoksijini emva kokuba izinto zonakalisiwe. Olu phawu lwenza intsimbi engagqwaliyo ifaneleke kwiindawo zoshishino ezinzima.
Iimpawu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ziyaguqulwa ngokusebenzisa izinto ezongezelelweyo zokudibanisa. I-Nickel iphucula ukumelana nokugqwala kwaye izinzisa isakhiwo sekristale ye-austenitic. I-Molybdenum iphucula ukumelana ne-chloride pitting. I-nitrogen inyusa amandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Umxholo wekhabhoni kwisixhobo umisela ubulukhuni bayo kunye namandla okuwelda. I-Manganese ingasebenza njengendawo ye-nickel kwiindidi ezingabizi kakhulu.
Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo ebanzi ngezinto zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye neempawu zazo ezisisiseko, jonga isikhokelo sethu esipheleleyo sentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Iintsapho Ezintlanu Zentsimbi Engagqwaliyo
Iindidi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zahlulwe kwiintsapho ezintlanu ngokusekelwe kwisakhiwo sazo sekristale kunye nokuziphatha kwazo ngokwesinyithi. Ukuqonda ezi ntsapho linyathelo lokuqala ekukhetheni idigri elungileyo.
Iintsimbi zeAustenitic ezingenanto
Iintsimbi ezingenasici zase-Austenitic zibonisa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwekristale ngokusebenzisa ulungiselelo lwe-cubic olujonge ubuso (FCC). Ezi zinto zibonisa iimpawu ezingezizo zemagnethi emva kokutsalwa kwesinyithi ngelixa ngaxeshanye zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluhle kakhulu ekungcoleni nasekuqineni okuphezulu kokubumba. Uthotho lwe-200 kunye ne-300 lulolu sapho. Ezi ntlobo azinakuqina ngonyango lobushushu, kodwa zisebenza nzima ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokwakheka kweqhwa.
Iintsimbi zeFerritic ezingatyiwayo
Iintsimbi ezingenasici zeFerritic zibonisa ulwakhiwo lwazo lwekristale ngokusebenzisa ulungiselelo lwe-cubic olugxile emzimbeni (BCC). Ezi zinto zibonisa iimpawu zemagnethi ngelixa zingabizi kakhulu kunezixhobo ze-austenitic. Uthotho lwe-400 luquka iiklasi ze-ferritic ezifana ne-430 kunye ne-409. Ezi klasi zibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okuphakathi kunye nokumelana okuhle nokuqhekeka kokugqwala okuxineneyo.
Iintsimbi ze-Martensitic
Iintsimbi ezingenasici zeMartensitic zinokuqina ngonyango lobushushu, njengeentsimbi zekhabhoni. Ezi zinto zibonisa isakhiwo se-tetragonal (BCT) esiphakathi emzimbeni esizinika amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka. Usapho luquka iigreyidi ezingama-410, 420, kunye nama-440. Ezi zinto zibonisa iimpawu zemagnethi ezenza zilungele ukwenza izixhobo zokusika kunye nezixhobo zotyando kunye neeblade zoshishino.
Iintsimbi zeDuplex ezingatyiwayo
Iintsimbi eziqinileyo ezimbini ezidibeneyo zidibanisa ubungakanani obulinganayo bezigaba ze-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic. Olu lwakhiwo ludibeneyo lunika amandla okuvelisa aphindwe kabini kunamanqanaba aqhelekileyo e-austenitic ngelixa lubonelela ngokumelana okuphezulu nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwe-chloride. Amanqanaba aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa kwezi zinto aquka i-2205 kunye ne-2507.
Imvula Ukwenza lukhuni iintsimbi zentsimbi
Iintsimbi ezingenasici zokuqinisa imvula (PH) zifikelela kumandla aphezulu kakhulu ngonyango lobushushu oludala. Ezi zinto zidibanisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwamanqanaba e-austenitic okanye e-martensitic kunye namandla oomatshini afikelela kumandla entsimbi aphantsi. Olona didi luqhelekileyo yi-17-4 PH.
Inkqubo Yokubala IiBanga Lentsimbi Engagqwaliyo
Inkqubo yokubala ye-AISI ihlela amanqanaba entsimbi engagqwali ibe ngokulandelelana ngokusekelwe kulwakhiwo lwe-alloy kunye nesakhiwo sekristale.
Olu luhlu lwama-200 luphuhlise amabakala e-manganese-nickel austenitic njengezisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu kune-300 series ekhoyo. Amabakala aphambili asetyenziswa kule nkqubo yi-201 kunye ne-202. Amabakala asebenzisa i-manganese kunye ne-nitrogen ukuthatha indawo yomxholo othile we-nickel.
Olu luhlu lwe-300 luqulathe amanqanaba e-austenitic asebenzisa i-chromium kunye ne-nickel njengezinto ezisisiseko. Olu luhlu luqulathe amanqanaba entsimbi engagqwali aqhelekileyo, asetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela. Icandelo lemizi-mveliso lisebenzisa i-304 kunye ne-316 kwiizicelo ezininzi, ngelixa i-321 kunye ne-347 zibonelela ngokusebenza okungcono kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Olu luhlu lwe-400 luqulathe amanqanaba asekelwe kwi-chromium akhoyo kuzo zombini iindlela ze-ferritic kunye ne-martensitic. Amanqanaba e-430 asetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa iimoto kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo akhona njengezinto ze-ferritic. Amanqanaba e-410 kunye ne-420 akhona njengezixhobo ze-martensitic, ezisetyenziswa lishishini kwizinto zokusika nezixhobo.
Olu luhlu lwe-500 luqulathe ii-chromium alloys ezinokumelana nobushushu obuphantsi kwamanqanaba e-chromium kunee-400 series alloys. Indawo yemizi-mveliso yangoku isebenzisa la manqanaba kuphela ngeendlela ezithintelweyo.
Olu luhlu lwe-600 luqulathe amanqanaba e-martensitic afumana ubunzima ngenxa yemvula. Ezi zinto zibonelela ngezicelo zeenqwelo-moya kunye neemfuno zokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokudibanisa kwazo amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okulinganiselweyo.
Inkqubo yeNombolo eManyeneyo (UNS) inika ulwahlulo olupheleleyo. Ikhowudi 304 iguquka ibe yi-S30400 ngelixa i-316 iba yi-S31600 kwaye i-2205 itshintsha ibe yi-S32205. Inkqubo ye-UNS inceda iinjineli kunye nabathengi ukuba babone iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo ze-alloy kwimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
IiBanga zeNsimbi eNgcambu eziQhelekileyo zichaziwe
Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo engama-304 / 304L
I-304 yeyona ntsimbi ingenasici esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-austenitic stainless steel. Iqulethe malunga ne-18% ye-chromium kunye ne-8% ye-nickel, nto leyo eyinika ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kwiindawo ezininzi ezinomoya kunye neekhemikhali. I-304L yeyona ntlobo ye-carbon ephantsi, kwaye umxholo we-carbon ulinganiselwe kwi-0.03% ephezulu ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokugqwala phakathi kwe-granular emva kokuwelda.
I-304 ichazwe kwizixhobo zokulungisa ukutya, uyilo lwezakhiwo, izikhongozeli zeekhemikhali, kunye nemibhobho yemizi-mveliso ngokubanzi. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe, bona isikhokelo sethu sentsimbi engagqwaliyo i-304.
Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo engama-316 / 316L
I-316 yongeza i-2-3% ye-molybdenum kwi-304 base composition. Olu longezo luphucula kakhulu ukumelana ne-chloride pitting kunye ne-crevice corrosion. I-316L isebenzisa indlela efanayo ye-low-carbon njenge-304L ukugcina ukudityaniswa.
I-316 yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokukhetha kwiindawo zaselwandle, ukucubungula iikhemikhali, izixhobo zamayeza, kunye nayo nayiphi na indlela yokusebenzisa equka ukuvezwa kumanzi anetyuwa okanye iikloride. Kwindlela yokusebenzisa iilwandle kunye neekhemikhali, isikhokelo sethu sentsimbi engagqwaliyo i-316 sinikezela ngeenkcukacha ezongezelelweyo.
201 Insimbi Engenasici
I-201 yi-austenitic grade ethatha indawo ye-nickel eninzi nge-manganese kunye ne-nitrogen. Inika ukumelana nokugqwala okufanayo ne-304 kwiindawo ezithambileyo kodwa ngexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, i-201 isengozini enkulu yokuqhekeka kwiindawo ze-chloride kwaye umsebenzi uqina ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokudalwa.
I-201 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimpahla zokuhombisa, izixhobo zasekhaya, kunye nezicelo zesakhiwo ezixabisa kakhulu. Ukuze ufumane uthelekiso oluthe ngqo ne-304, bona uhlalutyo lwethu lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo lwe-201 vs 304.
430 Insimbi Engenasici
I-430 yi-ferritic grade equlethe malunga ne-16-18% ye-chromium kwaye ayinayo i-nickel. Inomtsalane kwaye inika ukumelana nokugqwala okuphakathi ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kune-austenitic grades. I-430 ayinakomelezwa ngonyango lobushushu kwaye ine-ductility ephantsi kune-304.
I-430 isebenza kakuhle kwiindlela zokulungisa iimoto, iiphaneli zokwakha kwiindawo ezingangcolisiyo, kunye nezixhobo apho iimpawu zemagnethi zamkelekileyo.
410 Insimbi Engenasici
I-martensitic grade 410 ine-11.5-13.5% ye-chromium. Le nto ifumana ubulukhuni bayo obuphezulu kunye nokumelana kwayo nokuguguleka okuphezulu ngonyango lobushushu. Le nto 410 ibonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono lokugqwala kune-austenitic grades, kodwa amandla ayo kunye neempawu zobunzima zenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindawo zokusika kunye neevalvu kunye neeshafti zepompo.
2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
I-2205 iqulethe malunga ne-22% ye-chromium, kunye ne-5% ye-nickel, kunye ne-3% ye-molybdenum. Ulwakhiwo lwe-duplex lwezixhobo lunika amandla okuvelisa aphindwe kabini kune-304 kunye ne-316, ngelixa lubonakalisa ukumelana okungcono nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwe-chloride. Ishishini leoyile negesi, kunye nezixhobo zokucubungula iikhemikhali kunye nokukhupha ityuwa, zisebenzisa i-2205 njengezinto eziqhelekileyo.
I-17-4 PH Intsimbi yentsimbi
Ulwakhiwo lwentsimbi ye-17-4 PH luquka i-17% ye-chromium kunye ne-4% ye-nickel, kunye nezinto ezongeziweyo ze-copper kunye ne-niobium. Le nto ifikelela kumandla aphezulu okutsalwa kwe-190000 PSI emva kokuqina kwemvula ngenxa yonyango lobushushu. Le nto ibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphakathi nxamnye nokugqwala ngelixa inika amandla abalaseleyo oomatshini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindawo zomoya, zenyukliya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso ephezulu.
Itshati yokuthelekisa amaBanga eNtsimbi engenasici
Itheyibhile engezantsi ithelekisa amanqanaba entsimbi engagqwaliyo aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa kwizicelo zoshishino.
| kwiBanga | UNS | EN | uhlobo | Cr% | Ni% | Mo% | I-PREN | Magnetic | Iindleko ezizalanayo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 304 | S30400 | 1.4301 | I-Austenitic | 18-20 | 8-10.5 | 0 | 18-20 | Hayi | I-100 (isiseko) |
| 304L | S30403 | 1.4307 | I-Austenitic | 18-20 | 8-12 | 0 | 18-20 | Hayi | 105 |
| 316 | S31600 | 1.4401 | I-Austenitic | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | 23-28 | Hayi | 140-160 |
| 316L | S31603 | 1.4404 | I-Austenitic | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | 23-28 | Hayi | 145-165 |
| 201 | S20100 | 1.4372 | I-Austenitic | 16-18 | 3.5-5.5 | 0 | 12-15 | Hayi | 50-60 |
| 430 | S43000 | 1.4016 | IsiFerritic | 16-18 | 0 | 0 | 16-18 | Ewe | 60-70 |
| 410 | S41000 | 1.4006 | IMartensitic | 11.5-13.5 | 0.75 max | 0 | 11-13 | Ewe | 70-80 |
| 2205 | S32205 | 1.4462 | Duplex | 22 | 5.5 | 3 | 35-38 | Ewe | 180-220 |
| 17-4 PH | S17400 | 1.4542 | Imvula Ukuqina | 15-17.5 | 3-5 | 0 | 15-17 | Ewe | 200-250 |
I-PREN = Inani elilinganayo lokumelana nokugxumeka kwepitshi. Isalathisi seendleko xa sithelekiswa ne-304 = 100. Amaxabiso ayaqikelelwa kwaye ayahluka ngokweemeko zomthengisi kunye neemeko zemarike.
Le tshathi inika isalathiso esifutshane sokuthelekisa amanqanaba. Kwizigqibo zokuthenga, soloko uqinisekisa ukwakheka kwangoku kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zoomatshini ngokuchasene nesiqinisekiso sezinto ezifanelekileyo.
Ngaba ukulungele ukufumana uhlobo oluthile? Jonga iimveliso zethu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezingama-304 kunye neemveliso zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezingama-316 ukuze ufumane ukufumaneka kwangoko kunye namaxabiso akhuphisanayo.
IiPropati zoomatshini ngokweBanga
Iimpawu zoomatshini zahluka kakhulu kwiintsapho zentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Itheyibhile engezantsi ishwankathela amaxabiso aqhelekileyo kwiindidi eziqhelekileyo kwimeko efakwe intsimbi.
| kwiBanga | Amandla Okuqina (MPa) | Isivuno Amandla (MPa) | Ukuqina (HB) | Udibaniso (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 304 | 515 | 205 | 201 | 40 |
| 316 | 515 | 205 | 217 | 40 |
| 201 | 515 | 260 | 241 | 40 |
| 430 | 450 | 205 | 183 | 22 |
| 410 | 480 | 275 | 217 | 20 |
| 2205 | 620 | 450 | 293 | 25 |
| 17-4 PH (H900) | 1,310 | 1,170 | 388 | 10 |
Amaxabiso aqhelekile kwiimeko ezifakwe i-anneal okanye ezisemgangathweni eziphathwa ngobushushu ngokwe-ASTM A240 okanye i-A276. Amaxabiso okwenyani anokwahluka ngokwemo yemveliso kunye nembali yokucubungula.
Intsimbi engenasici enamandla kakhulu enganyangekiyo kukugqwala ikhona kwi-duplex grade 2205, edlula zonke ezinye ii-stainless steel grades. I-precipitation hardening grade ye-17-4PH ifumana amandla abalaseleyo kodwa i-ductility yayo kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukumelana nokugqwala kuyaphazamiseka. Ii-austenitic grades zibonelela nge-ductility efanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwe-corrosion okufunekayo ekwenzeni izicelo.
Uthelekiso loKuchasa ukonakala
I-PREN: Umlinganiselo weNjongo
I-Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) inika indlela yokulinganisa ukuthelekisa ukumelana kwe-chloride pitting kwiindidi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Eyona fomyula ixhaphakileyo yile:
I-PREN = %Cr + 3.3(%Mo) + 16(%N)
Amaxabiso aphezulu e-PREN abonisa ukumelana okungcono kwi-chloride pitting kunye ne-crevice corrosion. Iinjineli zisebenzisa i-PREN ukukhetha amanqanaba amanzi olwandle, ukucubungula iikhemikhali, kunye nezinye iindawo ezityebileyo nge-chloride.
Amaxabiso e-PREN ngokweBanga
- 201PREN 12-15 (iphakathi, ayifanelekanga kwiikloridi)
- 430PREN 16-18 (ukuvezwa kwe-chloride okuphakathi, okulinganiselweyo)
- 304 / 304LPREN 18-20 (ilungele iikhemikhali ezinomoya opholileyo nezithambileyo)
- 316 / 316L: PREN 23-28 (igqibelele kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye neekhemikhali)
- 2205: PREN 35-38 (ingcono kuneoyile negesi, ukususwa kwetyuwa)
- 904LPREN 45-47 (iindawo ezixineneyo zekloridi)
Ukunyangwa koMhlwa ngokuBanzi
Zonke iiklasi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ziyamelana nokugqwala komoya jikelele. Ukumelana nokugqwala komoya kukho kuzo zonke iiklasi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Ezi zinto zibonisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kwiindawo ezine-asidi, kwiindawo ezisisiseko, nakwiindawo ezinamanzi anetyuwa. Iiklasi ze-austenitic 300 series zikhusela kwii-asidi ezininzi ze-organic, kwaye zikhusela kwii-asidi ezingathathi ntweni. I-Ferritic 430 ikhusela ekugqwaleni komoya, kodwa ayikhuseli kwiindawo ezine-asidi ye-chloride. I-Martensitic 410 inika ukhuseleko olusisiseko kuphela ekugqwaleni.
Uxinzelelo lwe-Corrosion Cracking
Iiklasi ze-Austenitic ezifana ne-304 kunye ne-316 ziba sesichengeni sokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwe-chloride ngaphezu kwama-60°C. Iiklasi ze-Duplex ezifana ne-2205 zibonelela ngokumelana okungcono kakhulu nale ndlela yokusilela. Kwinkonzo ye-chloride yobushushu obuphezulu, abasebenzisi kufuneka bakhethe phakathi kwee-alloys ze-duplex kunye nee-alloys ze-nickel eziphezulu njengeendlela zabo eziphambili.
IiNgqwalaselo zokuLungiselela nokuFakwa
Ukunyanga
Inkqubo yokugaya ibangela ukuba amabakala angama-304 kunye nama-316 e-Austenitic aphuhlise iimpawu zokuqinisa umsebenzi ngesantya esikhawulezayo. Inkqubo yokuqinisa umsebenzi ifuna izixhobo ezinemiphetho ebukhali kunye nee-angles ze-rake ezilungileyo, kunye ne-coolant eyaneleyo yokusika ukuze isebenze. Inkqubo yokugaya iba lula ngamabakala e-ferritic aquka ama-430 njengesixhobo esisisiseko. Iindidi zokugaya ezikhululekileyo ezifana ne-303 ziqulethe izongezo zesalfure ukuphucula ukuqhekeka kwe-chip.
Ukuweldability
Iiklasi ze-Austenitic zibonelela ngokudityaniswa kakuhle kuzo zonke iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo. Umgangatho 304 kunye no-316 ufuna ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kulawulo lokufaka ubushushu kuba zikhokelela ekuvuseleleni, nto leyo eyenza i-304L kunye ne-316L zibe lukhetho olukhethwayo kwimveliso ezidityanisiweyo. Iiklasi ze-Ferritic ezifana ne-430 ziyadityaniseka kodwa zinokubandezeleka kukuqhekeka kwengqolowa kwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu. Iiklasi ze-martensitic zifuna zombini iinkqubo zokufudumeza kwangaphambili kunye nezo zokudityaniselwa emva kokudityaniselwa ukukhusela ekuqhekekeni.
Ukuzimisela
Iigreyidi ze-Austenitic zibonelela ngokwakheka okuhle kakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo sekristale ye-FCC, esenza ukuba kube lula kakhulu. I-304 inokutsalwa nzulu kwiimo ezintsonkothileyo zeesinki, izitya zokupheka, kunye nezinto zemoto. Inkqubo yokugoba iba lula kwiigreyidi ze-ferritic kuba ukuguquguquka kwazo okuphantsi kwenza kube ngcono kwimisebenzi elula yokugoba. Amandla aphezulu okwakha afunekayo kwiigreyidi ze-duplex avela kumandla azo akhulayo.
Unyango lobushushu
Amanqanaba okuqinisa i-martensitic kunye nemvula kuphela aphendula kunyango lobushushu lokuqinisa. Inkqubo yokucima kunye nokupholisa ayivumeli amanqanaba e-austenitic ukuba afezekise ukuqina. Inkqubo yokusebenza ngokubandayo ibenza bakwazi ukufumana amandla. Ibhalansi yesigaba esifanelekileyo ifuna isisombululo sokufakelwa amanqanaba amabini emva kokuwelda.
Uthelekiso lweendleko kunye nokuFumana
Ukukhethwa komgangatho wentsimbi engagqwaliyo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zezinto. Isalathisi seendleko esingezantsi sisebenzisa i-304 njengesiseko.
| kwiBanga | Isalathiso seendleko ezizalanayo | Umqhubi weendleko eziphambili |
|---|---|---|
| 201 | 50-60 | Umxholo we-nickel ophantsi |
| 430 | 60-70 | Akukho nickel |
| 410 | 70-80 | Umxholo we-alloy ophantsi |
| 304 | 100 | Isiseko |
| 316 | 140-160 | 2-3% molybdenum |
| 2205 | 180-220 | Umxholo ophezulu we-alloy |
| 17-4 PH | 200-250 | Inkqubo entsonkothileyo |
Izalathisi ziqikelelwa kwaye ziyaguquguquka ngokwexabiso lemarike le-nickel kunye ne-molybdenum.
Iindleko zemveliso ze-300 series zixhomekeke kakhulu kumaxabiso emarike ye-nickel. Umahluko wamaxabiso phakathi kwe-304 stainless steel kunye ne-430 stainless steel uyanda xa amaxabiso e-nickel enyuka. Abanye abavelisi batshintshela kwi-201 okanye kwi-430 ngexesha lexabiso eliphezulu le-nickel. Ukutshintshwa kufuneka kuhlangabezane nemigangatho yokugqwala ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe.
Isityalo seekhemikhali esikunxweme lwaseZhejiang samisela intsimbi engagqwali engama-304 njengezinto zokwakha iintloko zaso zokupholisa amanzi olwandle. Kwiinyanga ezili-18, kwaqala ukuphuhliswa i-chloride pitting. Iqela lobunjineli laphucula laba yintsimbi engagqwali engama-2205 yentsimbi engagqwali ephindwe kabini ukuze kutshintshwe iindawo. Iindawo ezingama-2205, ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwama-90% kunezinye izinto, zifikelele kwiminyaka esibhozo yokusebenza ngaphandle kokugqwala, ngaloo ndlela zisusa zombini iimfuno zokutshintshwa kunye neendleko zokugcinwa.
Indlela yokukhetha iBanga leNtsimbi engagqwaliyo elifanelekileyo
Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo kufuna uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo lweemeko zokusebenza kunye nemida yeprojekthi.
Inyathelo 1: Chaza imeko-bume yokugqwala. Chonga ukuvezwa kwiikloridi, iiasidi, iziseko, kunye nobushushu obugqithisileyo. Sebenzisa amaxabiso e-PREN ukudwelisa amanqaku enkonzo yekloridi.
Inyathelo lesi-2: Misela iimfuno zoomatshini. Cacisa amandla amancinci okuvelisa, ubulukhuni, kunye nokumelana nempembelelo. Kwizicelo ezinamandla aphezulu, cinga ngamanqanaba okuqina kwe-duplex okanye imvula.
Inyathelo lesi-3: Vavanya iimfuno zemagnethi. Ukuba iimpawu ezingezizo zemagnethi zibalulekile, khetha amabakala othotho lwe-austenitic 300. Ukuba iimpawu zemagnethi ziyamkeleka okanye ziyanqweneleka, amabakala e-ferritic okanye e-martensitic anokunciphisa iindleko.
Inyathelo lesi-4: Vavanya iimfuno zokucubungula. Kwi-welding enzima, chaza amanqanaba e-L aphantsi kwekhabhoni. Kwimizobo enzulu okanye ukwakheka okuntsonkothileyo, khetha amanqanaba e-austenitic ane-ductility ephezulu. Kwi-machining, cinga ngee-free-machining variants okanye amanqanaba e-ferritic.
Inyathelo lesi-5: Beka imida yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali. Thelekisa inqanaba eliphantsi elihlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zobugcisa. Kuphephe ukucacisa ngaphezulu i-316 xa i-304 isebenza ngokufanelekileyo.
Inyathelo lesi-6: Qinisekisa ikhowudi kunye neemfuno ezisemgangathweni. Ii-aplikeshini zokunxibelelana nokutya zinokufuna amanqanaba athile. Izixhobo zonyango zihlala zifuna i-316L. Iikhowudi zaselwandle zinokuchaza amaxabiso aphantsi e-PREN.
Ukuze kwenziwe izigqibo ezinzima zokukhetha izinto, iqela lethu leengcebiso zobugcisa linokuhlalutya iimfuno zakho ezithile kwaye licebise ibakala elingabizi kakhulu.
IiBanga zeNtsimbi Engagqwaliyo ngokweSicelo soShishino
Le matrix ingezantsi ifanisa amashishini aqhelekileyo namanqaku acetyiswayo.
| ishishini | Amabanga acetyiswayo | Ukuqiqa |
|---|---|---|
| Ukutya nesiselo | 304, 316L | Ucoceko, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuthotyelwa kwe-FDA |
| imikhumbi | 316, 2205 | Ukumelana ne-chloride, iimfuno ze-PREN |
| Ukwenziwa kweMichiza | 316L, 2205, 904L | Ukumelana ne-asidi kunye ne-chloride |
| Automotive | 409, 430, 304 | Iinkqubo zokukhupha umoya, ukusika, ulwakhiwo |
| Architecture | 304, 316, 430 | Ubuhle, ukumelana nokugqwala emoyeni |
| Ezonyango / Utyando | 316L, 17-4 PH | Ukuhambelana kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhambelana kokubulala iintsholongwane |
| Ioli neGesi | 2205, 2507, 904L | I-H2S, i-chloride, ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu |
| I-Aerospace | 17-4 PH, 15-5 PH | Umlinganiselo wamandla aphezulu ukuya kubunzima |
Ngokuphathelele izicelo zeshishini lokutya ngokukodwa, jonga isikhokelo sethu esineenkcukacha ngemigangatho neemfuno zentsimbi engagqwaliyo yomgangatho wokutya .
Indlela Yokuchonga Ibanga Lentsimbi Engagqwaliyo
Ukuchonga amanqaku ngokuchanekileyo kuthintela ukusetyenziswa gwenxa okubizayo. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kuvavanyo olulula ukuya kuhlalutyo lwelebhu.
Inkqubo yokuvavanya iintlantsi ibonisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusila zenza iipateni ezahlukeneyo zeentlantsi, ezihambelana nomgangatho ngamnye wezinto. Abahloli abanamava amaninzi banokuchonga intsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi engatyiwayo ngelixa bebona iibakala ezininzi ezifanayo. Uvavanyo lweentlantsi aluphumeleli ukunika iziphumo ezithembekileyo kuba alunakwahlula iibakala ezifanayo ezingama-304 kunye nama-316.
Uvavanyo lwebala le-molybdenum lufumanisa umxholo we-molybdenum nge-oxalic acid kunye ne-potassium ferricyanide. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa i-316 endaweni ye-304. Olu vavanyo lufuna ukuphathwa ngononophelo kweekhemikhali nangona zilula.
Ii-X-ray fluorescence analyzers eziphathwa ngesandla zivumela uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo olungonakalisiyo lwekhemikhali yezinto. I-XRF iqinisekisa ukuchongwa kwenqanaba ngelixa ivavanya izixhobo zokuhambisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana neemfuno. I-XRF iye yaba yindlela yovavanyo eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa ngamasebe amaninzi asemgangathweni.
Isatifikethi soVavanyo lweMill (MTC) sisebenza njengoxwebhu olufanele lubonelelwe ngumthengisi ngamnye othembekileyo, kunye nesatifikethi sakhe soVavanyo lweMill. I-MTC kufuneka ihlolwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyahambelana nemigaqo yakho yokuthenga kunye nemigangatho ye-ASTM, EN, kunye ne-JIS efanelekileyo.
Umngcipheko oQhelekileyo wokungachongwa kakuhle uyenzeka kuba abanye abathengisi basebenzisa i-201 njengendawo engabizi kakhulu endaweni ye-304. I-alloy ye-201 iqulethe umxholo omncinci we-nickel kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-manganese nto leyo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni ukumelana nokugqwala. Soloko uqinisekisa umgangatho ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-MTC okanye lwe-XRF xa ukhangela kubathengisi abangaziwayo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ngawaphi amanqanaba ahlukeneyo entsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Inkqubo yamanqanaba entsimbi engagqwaliyo inamaqela amahlanu asisiseko aquka iintsimbi ezingagqwaliyo ze-austenitic ezivela kuthotho lwe-200 kunye ne-300 kunye neentsimbi ezingagqwaliyo ze-ferritic ezivela kuthotho lwe-400 kunye neentsimbi ezingagqwaliyo ze-martensitic ezivela kuthotho lwe-400 kunye ne-500 kunye neentsimbi ezingagqwaliyo ze-duplex ezivela kuthotho lwe-2205 kunye ne-2507 kunye neentsimbi ezingagqwaliyo zemvula ezivela kuthotho lwe-17-4 PH. Usapho ngalunye lunezakhiwo zekristale ezikhethekileyo kunye neempawu zemagnethi ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhusela ukugqwala.
Leliphi ibakala elingcono lentsimbi engatyiwayo?
Akukho nqanaba linye libalaseleyo. I-304 isebenza njengolona khetho luhlengahlengiswayo, olunokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi eziqhelekileyo. I-316 ibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kwiindawo zaselwandle nakwiikhemikhali. I-2205 duplex ibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kwizicelo ezifuna zombini ukuvezwa kwe-chloride ephezulu kunye neemfuno zamandla aphezulu. Inqanaba elingcono lixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiimeko zokusebenza, iimfuno zoomatshini, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
Ngaba 304 okanye 316 intsimbi engatyiwa ngcono?
I-316 stainless steel inika ukusebenza okuphezulu kune-304 stainless steel kuba umxholo wayo we-molybdenum oyi-2-3% uphucula kakhulu amandla ayo okumelana nokugruzuka kwiindawo ezityebileyo nge-chloride. I-304 stainless steel ixabisa ngaphantsi kwe-30-40% kune-316 stainless steel kwaye isebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezininzi zangaphandle nakwiimeko zokuvezwa kweekhemikhali ezincinci. Kwizicelo ezingezizo i-chloride, i-304 idla ngokuba lukhetho olungabizi kakhulu.
Leliphi ibakala elisezantsi lentsimbi engatyiwayo?
Uhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo olungabizi kakhulu lolona hlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo olufikelelekayo. I-201 kunye ne-430 zihlala ziluhlobo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo olunexabiso eliphantsi. I-austenitic grade 201 ine-nickel encinci kune-austenitic grade eqhelekileyo. I-ferritic grade 430 ayinayo i-nickel. Zombini ezi zinto zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphantsi ekungcoleni xa kuthelekiswa ne-304 stainless steel kuba zinokumelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo ezibuthathaka kuphela.
Ngaba ibakala lokutya lensimbi engenastainless engama-430?
Kwizicelo zokunxibelelana kokutya, izinto ezingama-430 zibonelela ngonxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo lokutya okungadingi khuselo lupheleleyo ekungcoleni. Izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zodidi lokutya ezingama-304 kunye ne-316L zibonelela ngokhuselo olungcono lokungcola ngelixa zihlangabezana nemigaqo ye-FDA yokunxibelelana kokutya. Kwizixhobo zokulungisa ukutya, kucetyiswa kakhulu i-304 okanye i-316L.
Yeyiphi eyona nqanaba inamandla yentsimbi engenasici?
Amandla aphezulu okutsalwa kwe-stainless steel grades afumaneka kwi-17-4 PH efikelela kwi-1,310 MPa (190,000 PSI) kwimeko ye-H900. Amandla aphezulu okuvelisa phakathi kwamanqanaba amelana nokugqwala yi-2205 duplex efikelela kwi-450 MPa (65,000 PSI).
Ngaba konke ukutya okunentsimbi engagqwaliyo kukhuselekile?
Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ingasetyenziselwa ukudibana nokutya xa amanqanaba athile ehlangabezana nemigaqo yokudibana kokutya. Amanqanaba aqhelekileyo okhuseleko lokutya yi-304 kunye ne-316L. Zonke amanqanaba aqulethe umxholo ophezulu wesalfure (303) kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okubi ziya kukhupha izinto ezinobungozi kwaye zibole xa zisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokutya.
Ithetha ukuthini i-L kwi-304L nakwi-316L?
I-L imele ikhabhoni ephantsi. I-304L kunye ne-316L ziqulathe ikhabhoni ephezulu ye-0.03% xa kuthelekiswa ne-0.08% ephezulu kwimigangatho ye-304 kunye ne-316. Inkqubo yokudibanisa ikhuselekile ngenxa yomxholo wekhabhoni ophantsi othintela ukuna kwe-chromium carbide kunye nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu.
Ungayibona njani inqanaba lentsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Ezona ndlela zithembekileyo kuhlalutyo lweekhemikhali ze-XRF kunye nokuphonononga iSatifikethi soVavanyo lweMill. Uvavanyo lwendawo ye-molybdenum lwenza uvavanyo lwasentsimini, oluhlula phakathi kwe-316 kunye ne-304, ngelixa uvavanyo lwemagnethi lubona amanqanaba e-ferritic kunye ne-martensitic. Uvavanyo lwe-spark lunokwahlula intsimbi engagqwaliyo kwintsimbi yekhabhoni kodwa aluthembekanga kangako ekuchongeni amanqanaba.
Ngaba ningakwazi ukutshixa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye?
Ewe, kodwa ngononophelo. Iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezifanelekileyo zivumela ukuba iiklasi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezahlukeneyo zidityaniswe kunye. Ijoyinti edityanisiweyo iya kuba nokumelana nokugqwala okulinganiselweyo yinqanaba elibuthathaka. Isinyithi sokuzalisa esifanelekileyo kufuneka sikhethwe xa kuhlanganiswa iiklasi ze-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic ukuthintela iisigaba zokuqhekeka kwisinyithi sokuwelda. Iijoyinti zemigangatho eyahlukileyo zifuna ukubonisana nonjineli wokuwelda.
isiphelo
Abantu kufuneka bafunde ngeeklasi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo kuba olu lwazi lubanceda bakhethe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kwiiprojekthi zabo. Iintsapho ezintlanu zezinto, ezibandakanya izakhiwo zekristale ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zezinto ezahlukeneyo, zibonelela abasebenzisi ngeendlela ezimbini: iiklasi ze-ferritic ezingabizi kakhulu kunye nee-alloys zokuqina kwemvula enamandla kakhulu.
Kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, i-304 iselukhetho olufanelekileyo. I-316 inika ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-chloride kwiindawo zaselwandle nakwiikhemikhali. Ibanga eliphindwe kabini 2205 linika amashishini eoyile negesi amandla angaqhelekanga kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ibanga le-ferritic 430 linika abasebenzisi ukonga iindleko xa iimfuno zabo zokukhusela ukugqwala zihlala kumanqanaba aphakathi.
Iimeko zakho zokusebenza zimisela umgangatho ofanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho. Inkqubo yokuchaza ngokugqithisileyo ikhokelela kwiindleko ezongezelelweyo ekufuneka zihlawulwe ziinkampani. Inkqubo yokuchaza ngokungaphantsi ibangela ukonakala kwezixhobo, okudinga ukutshintshwa okubiza kakhulu. Isikhokelo sinika amaxabiso e-PREN, iipropati zoomatshini, kunye nothelekiso lweendleko, abasebenzisi abanokusebenzisa ukuchonga umgangatho ofanelekileyo kwiimfuno zabo.
Iqela lethu lobuchwephesha libonelela ngoncedo olujoliswe kwiprojekthi ethile kubathengi abafuna uncedo lokukhetha amanqanaba entsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye neendlela zokukhetha izinto ngokubonelela ngeekowuteshini ezineenkcukacha, iiSatifikethi zoVavanyo lweMill, kunye neenkonzo zokucubungula ngokwezifiso.
