I-Magnetism ibiyimfihlakalo eyabangela ukuba abantu bamangalise kwakudala, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kuqanjwe izinto ezininzi kunye nenxalenye yefiziksi esiyibiza ngokuba bubuchwepheshe namhlanje. Kodwa umbuzo usekho: zeziphi iimpawu zezixhobo zamagnetic kwaye yintoni isizathu sokuba ezinye izinyithi zineempawu ezinamandla kunabanye? Indalo isinika imagneti kunye neealloyi zentsimbi eziphucukileyo ezisetyenziswa namhlanje kusetyenziso lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwilizwe elinomdla kakhulu nelintsokothileyo lemagnethi, engeyiyo enye into ngaphandle komxube wesayensi kunye nobugcisa. Esi siqwenga somsebenzi sityhila inzululwazi yemagnethi ngokuphanda iipropathi zezona mathiriyeli zimagnetic kunye neemfihlo zazo. Akukhathaliseki nokuba ungumthandi wesayensi okanye ufuna nje ukwazi ngakumbi malunga namandla angabonakaliyo abangela utshintsho kwindawo esihlala kuyo; yiza nathi ngokusebenzisana kwefiziksi kunye nemathiriyeli kule nto yamagnetic.
Iindidi zeMagnetism kwiZinyithi
Ferromagnetism Icacisiwe
I-Ferromagnetism luphawu olubonwa ikakhulu kwiindidi ezithile zentsimbi njengentsimbi, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel, ezithi zibonakale zilungile kakhulu kumbono wemagnethi. Umazibuthe wezo zinyithi uphuma kumzuzu wemagnethi yeatom zonke zikwicala elinye, ngaloo ndlela zomelezana kwaye zenza umhlaba wemagnethi. Ukugcinwa okuphezulu kwemagneti nasemva kokurhoxiswa kwemagnethi yangaphandle luphawu lwezixhobo ezinjalo, ngoko ke benza abaviwa abagqibeleleyo kwiimagnethi ezisisigxina.
Umthombo we-ferromagnetism zii-electron spins ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-quantum mechanical interactions phakathi kwee-electron. Xa i-atomic spins yeqela ihambelana, ngoko i-domain magnetic yenziwa. Imeko ye-ferromagnetism ivela xa le mimandla idibana kwaye ihambelana nemagnethi yangaphandle. Olu lungelelwaniso lubonakala ngokwemvelo kwimeko yemathiriyeli ye-ferromagnetic ngenxa yokuba ubume bawo bangaphakathi buthanda imeko enemagnethi ezinzileyo neyomeleleyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-ferromagnetic akwanelanga nje kuphela kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu kubuchwephesha bale mihla. Zisetyenziswa kwii-cores ze-electromagnets, i-transformer, kunye neemotor zombane, apho iimpawu ezinamandla zemagneti ziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, baseka abaxhasi bezixhobo zokugcina idatha, apho amandla okugcina imagneti isetyenziselwa ukubhala kunye nokufunda ulwazi kwii-hard drives. Ngenxa yoko, izixhobo ze-ferromagnetic zihlala zingoyena mdlali uphambili kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yamashishini ahlukeneyo.
IParamagnetism vs. Diamagnetism
Ii-elektroni ezingasebenziyo ziluphawu lweparamagnetism, ekwasesona sizathu siphambili sokutsalwa kwemagnethi, ngelixa i-diamagnetism ikhatshwa zii-electron ezidityanisiweyo kunye nesenzo esichaseneyo, oko kukuthi, ukunyanzeliswa kwemagnethi.
| ipropati | I-Paramagnetism | IDiamagnetism |
|---|---|---|
| Electron State | Ayibhathalelwanga | Paired |
| Impembelelo yeMagnetic | Ukutsala | Ugxothiwe |
| Ukugcinwa kwentsimi | Hayi | Hayi |
| imizekelo | O₂, Fe²⁺ | Zn, N₂ |
| Isizathu | Net spin | Ukurhoxiswa kweSpin |
Indlela iMetal Composition eyichaphazela ngayo iMagnetism
Iipropathi zemagneti kwizinto eziphathekayo zimiselwa ubukhulu becala ngokubunjwa kwayo kwesinyithi. Iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo zazo zeathom zilawula ubungakanani bentsebenziswano yazo kunye nemagnethi. Ukubonisa, imathiriyeli ye-ferromagnetic njengentsimbi, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel zimagnetic kakhulu kuba ulwakhiwo lwe-athomu lulolo hlobo lunokuhambelana ngokulula kunye nesiphumo sokwenziwa kwemimandla emikhulu yemagnethi. Ngokuxhomekeke kubume bazo obukhethekileyo, iialloyi ezenziwe zezi zinyithi zinokunyusa amandla omagnetic nangakumbi.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye iintsimbi zibuthathaka okanye zineempendulo ezingabonakaliyo kumandla kazibuthe. Ubhedu kunye negolide, umzekelo, ezizizixhobo ze-diamagnetic zakudala, zigxotha kancinane umhlaba wemagnethi ngenxa yolungelelwaniso lwe-elektroniki. Ezo zinto azinazo ii-elektroni ezingasebenziyo kwaye ngenxa yoko azikwazi ukwenza nayiphi na imimandla yemagnethi konke konke okukhokelela ekubeni zibuthathaka kakhulu yimagnethi. Kukho ukufana kwimeko yezinto zeparamagnetic, ezifana ne-aluminium kunye ne-magnesium; ezi elementi ziphantsi komtsalane wemagnethi encumisayo kancinane, kodwa isiphumo semagnethi sibuthathaka kangangokuba asizivumeli ukuba zibenemagnethi ngokusisigxina.
Ekugqibeleni, i-alloying yezinto ezithile yenye yeendlela apho i-magnetic properties inokuguqulwa ngayo ukusetyenziswa kwezoshishino. Umzekelo, i-iron silicon alloy inokonyuka kokusebenza kakuhle kwemagnethi efanelekileyo kwiziguquli kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo njenge-neodymium unokusetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezinamandla kakhulu kubuchwepheshe obuphambili. Ke, ukubunjwa kwesinyithi akubonisi kuphela impendulo yazo kumhlaba wemagnethi, kodwa ikwayinto ebalulekileyo kwisayensi kunye nobunjineli.
Uninzi lweeMeta zeMagnetic: Ukujongwa ngokusondeleyo
Nickel: Iipropati kunye nokuSetyenziswa
I-Nickel yenye yeentsimbi ezixabiseke kakhulu ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezinomagnetic kunye neenjongo ezininzi, ukuba zijikeleze kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo zemizi-mveliso. Ngokuxhathisa okumangalisayo kwi-corrosion, i-nickel ihlala idityaniswa kunye nezinye iintsimbi ukunyusa iipropathi zazo. I-Nickel inokuchazwa njengentsimbi emhlophe-emhlophe ngombala, i-lustrous, kunye ne-atypically ductile. Ngaloo ndlela, inokubunjwa okanye ibunjwe ngokulula. Nangona i-nickel ingenamandla ngokwezibuthe njengentsimbi okanye i-cobalt, indawo yayo yokunyibilika kunye nokuzinza ikhusela indawo yayo kumashishini athile.
I-Nickel inezicelo ezingenakubalwa kodwa enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukuveliswa kwensimbi engenasici, apho i-nickel idlala indima yokuphucula ngakumbi amandla kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola. Ngaphezu koko, i-nickel yenye yezona zinto ziphambili kwimveliso ye-superalloys, enokumelana namaqondo okushisa aphezulu kunye neendawo ezinzima ezifana ne-jet injini. Iireyilayi kunye nezixhobo zememori, ngenxa yeempawu zayo zemagneti, ziphakathi kweendawo ezininzi apho i-nickel ifumana izicelo, ngaloo ndlela iqinisa isikhundla sayo kumashishini emveli kunye netekhnoloji yokusika. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kunye nokubukeka kwayo, i-nickel isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengento yokugquma kwizinto ezinjengeengqekembe, iibhetri, kunye nezinto zokupheka.
I-Nickel inegalelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo. Isinyithi sisebenzisana ekwenzeni i-nickel-cadmium etshajwayo (NiCd) kunye neebhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) ezisetyenziselwa ukunika amandla izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwi-electronics yasekhaya ukuya kwizithuthi zombane. Ukwanda kwemfuno ye-nickel ngokuhambelana nokutshintshwa kweteknoloji yamandla aluhlaza kugxininise ngakumbi ekusebenziseni kwayo ukuveliswa kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion kwiimoto zombane. Utshintsho olunjalo kwimfuno luphawu lokuba i-nickel iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuziseni iteknoloji eluhlaza. Nangona iyintsimbi efumaneka ngokulula, ukumbiwa kwe-nickel kunye neenkqubo zokusulungekisa zenza umonakalo wendalo, ngaloo ndlela zenza ukukhangela iindlela zokukhupha i-eco-friendly kunye neenkqubo zokurisayikilishwa zibaluleke kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.
Cobalt: Iimpawu kunye nezicelo
I-Cobalt yenye yezinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu eziphawulwa kukunganyangeki kwe-thermal kunye ne-corrosion ngaphandle kokuqina kwayo okuphezulu kunye nokuqina. Yinto ekhazimlayo kunye nembonakalo yesinyithi esinesilivere-ngwevu ngombala kwaye ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yeempawu zayo. I-Cobalt ifumaneka ikakhulu kwi-ores exutywe nezinye iintsimbi, kwaye yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. I-Cobalt inendima kwezi zicelo zintlanu zilandelayo:
Ukuveliswa kwebhetri
Ukwenziwa kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion, i-Cobalt ithathwa njengenxalenye enkulu. Ezi bhetri ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiimoto zombane, iilaptops, kunye neeselfowuni. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-Cobalt ukonyusa ukuxinana kwamandla, enye into ebalulekileyo luzinzo olwenza ukuba luzole lubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwebhetri.
Iisuphaloyi
I-Cobalt sesinye sezithako eziphambili ze-superalloys ezidla ngokusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa i-injini yejethi kunye neenxalenye ze-injini yegesi. I-alloys eqinile inokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye neemeko ezirhabaxa kwaye ziyimfuneko kakhulu kwi-aerospace kunye namashishini okuvelisa amandla.
IiCatalysts kwiiNkqubo zeMichiza
I-Cobalt i-catalyst yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali ezifana nokucocwa kwepetroleum kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto zokwenziwa. Iimpendulo zeekhemikhali ezenzekayo ngoncedo lweCobalt zisebenza kakhulu kwaye zizinzileyo.
iimagnethi
I-Cobalt yinxalenye yenkqubo yokwenziwa kwezixhobo zombane ezinamandla njengemagnethi ye-samarium-cobalt. Iimagnethi ezinjalo zisetyenziswa kwiimotor zombane, ii-windmills, kunye neteknoloji yokucinga yezonyango, phakathi kwabanye.
Ii-pigments kunye neeCoatings
Iikhompawundi zeCobalt ziyaziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwazo njengee-pigments kwimveliso ye-blue shades kwi-ceramics, iglasi, kunye nepeyinti, njalo njalo. Ukongeza, ii-alloys ze-cobalt ezisetyenziswa kwiingubo zonyusa ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto ezigqunyiweyo ngelixa kwangaxeshanye kuncipha ukubola ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ubomi bezinto.
Ezi zicelo zikhankanywe ngasentla zizo ezibonisa ukubaluleka kwe-cobalt kungekuphela nje kwimizi-mveliso yeemoto kunye ne-elektroniki kodwa nakwi-teknoloji yangomso. Ulawulo lwemithombo ye-cobalt kufuneka lwenziwe ngononophelo njengoko imfuno iqhubeka ikhula.
Iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye neMagnetism yazo eyahlukileyo
Iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, eziquka izinto ezili-17 zizonke eziquka i-lanthanides, i-scandium kunye ne-yttrium, zidla ngokubonwa kwaye zinconywa ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezimangalisayo zemagneti. I-Neodymium, i-samarium, kunye ne-dysprosium ziphakathi kwezo zifumana ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo ngenxa yesakhono sabo sokwenza iimagnethi ezomeleleyo. Umzekelo, iimagnethi ze-neodymium zezona zomeleleyo zinokufumaneka kwintengiso kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu kwiimotor ezisebenza kakhulu, izithuthi zombane, kunye nee turbines zomoya. Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zezi elementi 'zilungelelaniso ze-electron zisisizathu somgangatho ogqithisileyo wemagnethi kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwazo okugqwesileyo kwamaxesha kazibuthe.
Isixa esikhulu sesinyithi somhlaba esinqabileyo esifunekayo kwizicelo zanamhlanje sityhila indawo yazo ebalulekileyo kwizinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. Ngaphandle kweemagnethi, ezi ntsimbi zifumene indlela yazo yokungena kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinje nge-electronics, iilaser, kunye neenkqubo zomkhosi eziphucukileyo zeradar kunye nemijukujelwa. Enye yokusetyenziswa kwe-dysprosium enento yokwenza nepropathi yayo yokugcina iimagnethi zobushushu obuphezulu bomelele ziijenereyitha zamandla eziqhutywa ngumoya. Kwelinye icala, icandelo lomhlaba onqabileyo lityebile kwizinto eziyimfuneko ekuveliseni amandla avuselelekayo okubandakanya kodwa kungaphelelanga kumandla omoya okanye amandla elanga, kwaye kwelinye icala, lijongene nomceli mngeni wokufumana/ukufumana izinto ezaneleyo ngenxa yemveliso egxininiswe kakhulu kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi kunye neChina ingoyena mvelisi mkhulu, yiyo loo nto ibangela ukuchaphazeleka kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho.
Ukuqhubeka nezinto ezintsha kunye nokudala ikhonkco lokubonelela ngenkathalo, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto, kunye neendlela ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zifumana ingqwalasela eyandisiweyo kubaphandi. Amanyathelo okubuyisela ezi zinto kwi-electronics eziphelelwe lixesha kunye nenkunkuma yemizi-mveliso ayathathwa nto leyo enciphisa ukuxhomekeka emigodini kwaye kwangaxeshanye ijongane neenkxalabo zokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, izixhobo ezitsha ezinika ukuxhomekeka okuncinci kumhlaba onqabileyo ziphuhliswa ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yesayensi. La mashishini athembisayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo exhasa kunye nokukhuthaza ukufunyanwa kweenqobo ezisesikweni ziyimfuneko ukuze kulungiswe imfuno ehlala isanda yesinyithi somhlaba esinqabileyo ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni uzinzo kunye nokufumaneka kwezibonelelo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
I-Magnetic Alloys kunye nezicelo zazo
Ukudala ii-Alloys zeMagnetic ezomelele ngakumbi
Ukudalwa kwee-alloys ezinamandla ezinamandla zijike zaba yindawo enkulu ekugxilwe kuyo kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, ngakumbi kuba amashishini afuna izinto ezinjalo ezinomsebenzi ongcono kakhulu wemagnethi. Abaphandi bakwazile ukonyusa amandla ezizibuthe zemathiriyeli ngokongeza izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba i-neodymium, i-samarium, kunye ne-dysprosium kwiingoma ze-alloy, kwaye bathathe ithuba le-anisotropy yabo ephezulu ukuzisa ukunyanzeliswa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla. Ezi alloys ziyimfuneko kwizicelo apho kukho izixokelelwano zemagnethi ezincinci nezisebenzayo kakhulu, njengeemotor zombane, ii-injini zomoya, kunye ne-high-tech sensors phakathi kwezinye.
Iindlela ezisandul 'ukuphuhliswa kwi-nanostructuring kunye nobunjineli bomda wengqolowa ziye zadlala indima enkulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kunye nokuthembeka kwe-alloys magnetic. I-case in point iteknoloji ebandakanya izinto ze-nanocomposite apho izigaba ezahlukeneyo zineempawu ezahlukeneyo zamagnetic. Oku kuye kwanceda ukufezekisa ukulungelelaniswa kwamagnetic ngelixa ilahleko zangoku ze-eddy ziye zancitshiswa. Ngaphezu koko, abaphandi babonise ukuba i-microstructure ye-alloys iba ngcono ngokongezwa kwezinto ezilandelwayo ezifana ne-cobalt kunye ne-boron, ekhokelela kuzinzo olungcono lobushushu kunye nokuchasana ne-demagnetization. Intsimi ibona uphuhliso olunjalo apho ukuveliswa kwemichiza, i-thermal, kunye nokulungiswa koomatshini kudibana kunye.
Ngelinge lokufikelela kwiinjongo zozinzo kunye neendleko-zobuchule, abaphandi bajonge kwiingoma ezintsha ezinokuthi zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ngelixa amandla ombane angancitshiswa nangayiphi na indlela. Uphando luqhutywa kwiikhompawundi ze-iron-nitride kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezingaxhaphakanga emhlabeni ezibonise amandla amaninzi okuthatha indawo. Ngaphezulu koko, ukulinganisa iikhompyutheni kunye neemodeli zokufunda ngomatshini zibekwe kumsebenzi wokuqikelela ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lwe-alloy, oluthi luvumela inkqubo yokufumanisa ngokukhawuleza. Ukudityaniswa kwezi zixhobo zobuchwepheshe kunye nobugcisa obuphambili bokuvelisa obufana nezo zisetyenziswa kushicilelo lwe-3D kulindeleke ukuba kuzise inguqu kuyilo kunye nokuveliswa kweealloyi zemagnethi kwixesha elizayo elingekude.
Usetyenziso lweMagnetic Alloys kuShishino
I-magnetic alloys ibe zizinto ezingenakuthintelwa kumacandelo amaninzi okuvelisa, ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokukwazi ukugcina i-magnetic state kunye nokumelana okuphezulu kunye nokunyamezela ubushushu. Zikhona kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kunye neshishini ngalinye lithatha ithuba leempawu ezithile zezi zixhobo zokusebenza okubalulekileyo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza. Apha ngezantsi kukho usetyenziso olukhulu kwimizi-mveliso yeealloyi zemagnethi:
IiMoto zoMbane kunye neeJenereyitha
Iialloyi zemagnethi ingakumbi ezo zenziwe ngezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezifana neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) kunye necobalt-samarium (SmCo), zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimotor zombane kunye neejenereyitha. Imveliso yabo yemagnethi ephezulu kakhulu ikhokelela kuphuhliso lweenkqubo ezincinci kakhulu nezisebenza kakhulu. Ukwenza umzekelo, iimagnethi zeNdFeB zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumandla omoya kunye nemveliso yemoto yombane apho kuqikelelwa ukuba i-96% yazo zonke ii-EVs zinemagnethi ezinjalo kwiinkqubo zazo zokuqhuba.
Iinguqu kunye nee-Inductors
Intsimbi ye-silicon kunye ne-iron-nickel alloys, eziyi-alloys ezithambileyo ezinozibuthe, zinokunyanzeliswa okuphantsi kunye nokungena okuphezulu kuzenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiziguquli kunye nee-inductors. Ngaxeshanye zisebenzisa amandla kwaye zinciphisa ilahleko, ngaloo ndlela ukuhanjiswa nokuhanjiswa kwamandla kube yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo kubo. Iziguquli zala maxesha ngaphezulu kwe-99% esebenzayo ziye zenzeka ngenxa yobugcisa bemagnethi esetyenzisiweyo.
Izixhobo zoGcino lweDatha
Kwii-hard disk drives (i-HDDs) ngokukodwa, i-alloys magnetic ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-teknoloji yokugcina idatha. Izixhobo zokurekhoda zeMedia ezenziwe ngeefilimu ezibhityileyo ze-alloys magnetic ezifana ne-cobalt-chromium-platinum (CoCrPt) zisetyenziswa ukuze idatha igcinwe ekuxineni okuphezulu. Indlela yangoku kwii-HDD kukufumana ingxinano yokugcina engaphezulu kwe-1 terabyte nge-intshi yesikwere, indawo ekufikelelwe kuyo ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokutshintsha iingoma ze-alloy magnetic.
Ukujonga umfanekiso weMagnetic Resonance (MRI)
I-alloys ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu zibaluleke kakhulu kwiimagnethi ezinkulu ezisetyenziswa koomatshini be-MRI. I-alloy ye-NbTi (i-Niobium-Titanium) kunye ne-Nb3Sn (i-Niobium-Tin) ibonakala iyona nto ingcono kakhulu yokukwazi ukuqhuba amaqondo okushisa aphantsi kakhulu kunye nokunika i-cryogenic ephezulu ngaloo ndlela ukudala amasimi anamandla kakhulu kwaye azinzileyo anamandla afunekayo omfanekiso.
Iinzwa kunye neeActuator
I-magnetic alloys, kuquka i-amorphous kunye ne-nanocrystalline materials, zihlala zisetyenziswa kwi-sensor kunye ne-actuator. Ezi zixhobo zonwabela ubuntununtunu obuphezulu be-alloys kumhlaba wemagnethi kunye namaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Usetyenziso lusuka kwiinkqubo zeemoto, umzekelo, iinkqubo zokunqanda ukutshixa iziqhoboshi (ABS), ukuya kwimizi-mveliso ephucukileyo yomatshini kunye neerobhothi, apho ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alloys magnetic kula mashishini kugxininisa indima yabo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubela phambili yeteknoloji kunye neshishini namhlanje. Ngeli xesha, ukwazisa umsebenzi wophando kunye nokudala izinto ezibambeleneyo ezinokusingqongileyo iseyeyona misebenzi iphambili eqhuba iinguqulelo kwezi ndawo zibalulekileyo.
Case Studies: Ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kweMagnetic Alloys
1. I-Magnetic Alloys kwiiMotor of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alloy magnetic eyayingumxholo wophuhliso oluyimpumelelo lubonakala ngokukodwa ekudalweni kweemoto zombane ezisebenza kakhulu (EV). Ii-alloys zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ngakumbi i-neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB), zezona zinto ziphambili zokwenziwa kweemagnethi ezisisigxina zeenjini ze-EV ngenxa yobuninzi bazo obumangalisayo kunye namandla omagnetic. Olu phuhliso lukhulu aluvumeli kuphela abaqulunqi ukuba benze iimoto ezinobunzima obuncitshisiweyo kodwa nokubonelela ngetorque ephezulu kunye nokusebenza okukhawulezileyo. Umzekelo, iModeli 3 yemoto yeTesla isebenzisa i-NdFeB alloys edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwemoto. Kunye naloo nto, abaphandi beze kunye neengoma ezahlukeneyo ezikumgangatho ophantsi onqabileyo-umhlaba kwaye ke ngoko baxhomekeke kwizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ngaphantsi, elinyathelo eliqhubela phambili kwesi sicelo.
2. Ijenereyitha yeTurbine yomoya ngeyona ndlela iPhezulu
Ingxubevange yemagnethi ikwayenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo nezisebenzayo kwindawo yeeyunithi ezivelisa iinjini yomoya. Iinkqubo zokuqhuba ngokuthe ngqo zeeinjini zomoya zanamhlanje ngamanye amaxesha zakhiwe ngeemagnethi ezisisigxina zesamarium-cobalt (SmCo) okanye i-NdFeB, apho iindlela zangaphambili zisebenza ngamandla ngakumbi kunezi zamva. Ke, ezi mathiriyeli kazibuthe azilunganga kuphela malunga nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kodwa kwakhona, ekuthembekeni kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, kuba zizinzile ngokwe-thermal kwaye ziyamelana nokuhlwa xa zithelekiswa nezinye. Umzekelo, itekhnoloji yee turbines zomoya ongaselunxwemeni yenze ukusetyenziswa kwezi alloys magnetic ngendlela yokuba naphantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezimbi kakhulu, baye bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu, kunye nendalo ehlala ixesha elide kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-alloy.
3. ITekhnoloji yeMifanekiso yezoNyango esebenzisa iMagnetic Alloys
Iialloyi ezinozibuthe ngabona balinganiswa abaphambili kwinkqubo yezona nkqubo zokucinga zonyango esinazo ezifana noomatshini bomfanekiso wemagnethi wemagnethi (MRI). Imagnethi yomgangatho ophezulu we-superconducting eyenziwe kwi-niobium-titanium (NbTi) okanye i-niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) ivelisa imimandla yamagnetic enamandla kakhulu ngenjongo yomfanekiso we-high-resolution imaging. Ezi alloys zineepropati ezifana ne-superconductor kumaqondo okushisa e-cryogenic kwaye, ngoko ke, zisebenza njengesiseko sokuxilongwa kwe-imaging echanekileyo kakhulu kwaye inokwethenjelwa. Ke ngoko, inkqubo yokwenziwa ngokutsha kokwenziwa kwealloyi kazibuthe ayenzanga kuphela itekhnoloji ye-MRI ekhuselekileyo kodwa ikwafumaneka ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo kwihlabathi liphela.
Kungaxoxwa ukuba isifundo ngasinye sinika umzekelo obalaseleyo wemfuno yendalo yonke yee-alloys zamagnetic kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo zempembelelo ephezulu. Ukuphuculwa okuthe chu kunye nokuvela kwezi zixhobo ngandlel 'ithile zibe ngumxhasi othe ngqo kumashishini aphucukileyo aphuhliswe ngokuzinzileyo kubuchwepheshe banamhlanje.
Iintsimbi ezingezizo iMagnetic kunye neempawu zazo
Ukuchonga iintsimbi ezingezizo iiMagnetic
Iimetali ezingezizo zemagnethi zezo zingenampendulo ibalulekileyo yemagnethi phantsi kwempembelelo yentsimi yemagnethi. Ezi metali zinesakhiwo sazo seathomu ngendlela yokuba kungabikho ii-elektroni ezingadibaniyo, ezizezona zimisela iimpawu zemagnethi. Imizekelo yemetali engezizo zemagnethi eqhelekileyo yi-aluminium, i-copper, i-lead, i-zinc, kunye negolide.
Ngokomzekelo, i-aluminiyam yeyona ikhaphukhaphu, iyamelana nomhlwa, kwaye yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini afana ne-aerospace kunye nokwakha. I-Copper yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwintsimbi eqhubayo kwaye ukuguquguquka kwayo sisizathu esisemva kwesicelo sayo esiphambili kwiintambo zombane kunye ne-elektroniki. Ilothe, nangona inetyhefu ngakumbi kunezinye isinyithi, isabaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezinjengokhuseleko lwemitha kunye nokuveliswa kweebhetri. I-Zinc isetyenziselwa ukukhusela isinyithi kunye neemveliso zentsimbi kwi-corrosion ngokusebenzisa i-galvanizing. Igolide, ngenxa ye-ductility yayo kunye nokuchasana nokungcoliswa, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zombane kunye nezinto zodidi.
Imeko ngeentsimbi ezingezizo imagnethi kukuba nangona zidla ngokucingelwa ukuba zineepropathi ezifanayo, inzululwazi yezinto ezintsha iveze ukuba indlela abaziphatha ngayo inokwahluka kakhulu phantsi kwemagnethi yamandla aphezulu. Le propathi sesinye sezizathu zokuba zisetyenziswe kwi-electromagnetic shielding applications apho izinto ezifana nobhedu zisebenza kakhulu. Ukwazi iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zeentsimbi ezingezizo-magnetic, iinjineli kunye nabaphandi bayakwazi ukukhetha izinto ezifanelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha kumashishini abandakanya ezonxibelelwano, itekhnoloji yezonyango, njl.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokubaluleka kweentsimbi ezingezizo iiMagnetic
Iintsimbi ezingezizo-magnetic zibalulekile kumacandelo ahlukeneyo emizi-mveliso ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezahlukileyo ezinjengokumelana kakhulu nemagnethi, ukuhanjiswa kombane okugqwesileyo, kunye nothintelo lwe-oxidation. Ezi mpawu zenza isinyithi esilolo hlobo sibe nkulu ukuba sisetyenziswe kwiindawo apho uphazamiseko lwemagnethi kufuneka lucinezelwe khona ukuze kugcinwe izixhobo zombane zisebenza ngeyona ndlela ingcono kwaye imekobume ikhuselekile kwaye ithembekile. Apha ngezantsi kukho usetyenziso oluhlanu olubalulekileyo lweentsimbi ezingezizo ezemagneti ezinengcaciso enzulu yokubaluleka kwazo:
Ukukhuselwa koMbane
Ubhedu kunye ne-aluminiyam, ezingezizo iintsimbi ezingezozibuthe, ubukhulu becala zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela kwimitha ye-electromagnetic kunye nokukhusela izixhobo ze-elektroniki zingachatshazelwa yimimandla yangaphandle ye-electromagnetic. Njengomzekelo, izikhuselo zobhedu ziyakwazi ukuphelisa i-99% ye-EMI (I-Electromagnetic Interference) kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano kunye ne-aerospace, ngaloo ndlela zenza iimpawu zicoceke kwaye zikhuselekile ekusebenzeni.
Itekhnoloji yokuFanisa ngezoNyango
Isinyithi esingenamagnetic sibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni oomatshini beMRI (iMagnetic Resonance Imaging). I-Titanium yenye yezinto ezingezizo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-MRI ngenxa yokukwazi ukujamelana nemimandla enamandla yamagnetic esetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokucinga. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubangela ukuveliswa kwemifanekiso ecacileyo yokuxilonga ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okanye ukuphazamiseka.
Isixhobo esichanekileyo
Isixhobo sokuchaneka okuphezulu, ngakumbi kuphando lwezenzululwazi nakwiilabhoratri, zisebenzisa rhoqo iintsimbi ezingezizo ezemagneti ezifana nobhedu okanye ubhedu njengemathiriyeli yazo yokuqala. Ezi ntsimbi zibonelela ngokhuseleko lwemagnethi ngaloo ndlela zinika ufundo oluchanekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo ekhuselekileyo kwimimandla efana ne-spectroscopy kunye nezixhobo zokuhlalutya.
Izicelo zaseLwandle
Izinyithi ezingenamagnetic kunye ne-corrosion-resistant ezifana ne-aluminium kunye nobhedu zisebenza ngeenjongo ezimbini ekwakhiweni kweenqanawa kunye nezithuthi eziphantsi kwamanzi-okokuqala, zenza isiginesha yomntu kwintsimi yamagnetic engabonakaliyo kwaye okwesibini, ayiphazamisi kwiinkqubo zokuhamba. Ngokomzekelo, kwiinqanawa zolwandle, kusetyenziswa ubhedu ukwenza iipropeller kunye nezinto zokufakelwa ukuze kucuthwe ukutyikitywa kwemagnethi yenqanawa.
Systems energy
Iintsimbi ezingezizo imagnetic zingumqolo wamashishini abandakanyeka kubonelelo lwamandla. I-aluminiyam, ukukhankanya intsimbi enye, iyonwabela ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiintambo zamandla kunye namalungu e-transformer kuba iyi-conductor elungileyo kunye nobunzima bokukhanya. Ukuchaphazeleka kwayo yimagnethi ukuba sezantsi kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi kwimeko yombane ophezulu okhokelela ekwehleni kwelahleko yamandla.
Usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo luqaqambisa imfuneko yobuchule yeentsimbi ezingezizo ezemagneti kwimimandla yethekhinoloji nakwimimandla yenzululwazi. Ukukwazi kwabo ukujongana nemingeni yobuchwephesha bale mihla ngelixa bechasa imiba eziswa yimagnethi ibenza bahlale bebalulekile ekuboneleleni ngezisombululo zowona mgangatho uphezulu kwindawo yoshishino.
Ukukhangela iintsimbi ezingezizo iiMagnetic ngeMetal detectors
Iintsimbi ezingenayo i-aluminiyam, ubhedu kunye ne-titanium ezingenazo iimpawu zemagnethi konke konke, zidinga iindlela eziphucukileyo nezichanekileyo zokubhaqwa kwazo. Umbono ongemva kokusebenza kwezichongi zentsimbi zanamhlanje kukuyilwa kwendawo eguquguqukayo ye-electromagnetic. Xa intsimi enjalo idibana nentsimbi engeyiyo i-magnetic eqhubayo, isinyithi sifumana amandla, nto leyo ebangela ukuhamba kwangoku (okubizwa ngokuba yi-eddy currents). Emva koko imiqukuqelo yangoku ivelisa indawo ye-electromagnetic enxusene naleyo yenziwe sisixhobo kwaye yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba 'ngummkeli'. Ikhoyili okanye isivamvo somkhangeli wesixhobo sinokuthi emva koko sigqibe ukuba kungakanani ukuhanjiswa okunikezelweyo, kwaye ukongeza, ubungakanani, imilo kunye nendawo yentsimbi idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokubhaqa.
Ukusetyenziswa okukhawulezileyo kweenkqubo zokuphindaphinda kaninzi kwitekhnoloji yokufumanisa isinyithi kunyuse kakhulu ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho wokuchongwa kweentsimbi ezingezizo i-ferromagnetic. Ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngezixhobo zokujonga isinyithi ngesakhono sokuvavanya iifrikhwensi ezininzi ngexesha elinye, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukwahlula iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphunyezwa kweteknoloji ye-pulse induction ibangele ukunyuka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwee-detectors zetsimbi kwiimeko ezinzima, ezifana nezo zinomxholo ophezulu weeminerali ezithatha umqondiso, ekubeni ivumela umqondiso ukuba ungene ngokujulile. Ii-algorithms zedatha zikwaluncedo olukhulu njengoko zihluza imiqondiso kwaye zisebenza ukuze zifumane utyikityo oluthile lwesinyithi esine-non-ferrous conductive zodwa.
Iindawo zeshishini lokuchongwa kweentsimbi ezingezizo-magnetic ziquka ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuveliswa kwemizi-mveliso. Ngokomzekelo, kumaziko okuhlaziya, ii-detectors eziphambili zisetyenziselwa ukuskena kunye nokucubungula i-aluminium kunye nobhedu kwimijelo yenkunkuma edibeneyo enceda ekwenzeni inkqubo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokugcina izinto ezinokuthi zilahleke. Izikhululo zeenqwelo moya kunye nokhuseleko nazo zisebenzisa iindidi ezifanayo zezichongi kodwa ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokubona izoyikiso ezibangelwa zizixhobo ezingenayo i-ferrous ngelixa ugcina inani lezilumkiso zobuxoki kwiimeko ezinjalo ziphantsi. Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, umntu unokuthi kungekudala i-AI kunye nokufunda komatshini kuya kuthatha ubhaqo ukuya kwinqanaba apho kungayi kuba yingxaki kwaphela ukuchonga ngokuthembekileyo isinyithi esingeyontsimbi nakwimeko enzima kakhulu.
Ikamva leMagnetic Metals kunye neAlloys
Izinto ezintsha kwiNzululwazi yeMathiriyeli yeMagnetic
Inzululwazi yezinto zemagneti yenze imitsi emikhulu, esisisizathu sotshintsho kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kumandla, i-elektroniki, kunye nokhathalelo lwezempilo. Kukho inqanaba eliphezulu lophando eliye lafakwa kuphononongo lwezixhobo zemagneti ezenziwe nge-nanostructured, ezineengenelo ezingaphezulu njengokunyanzeliswa okuphezulu, ukuzinza okungcono kwe-thermal, kunye nelahleko encinci ye-eddy yangoku. Izinto ezitsha zikhokelela ekuvelisweni kweenguqu eziphezulu, iinjini zombane ezinamandla, kunye neeyunithi zejeneretha ezikhaphukhaphu kwaye zonke ziyinxalenye yezisombululo zamandla eco-friendly. Ukongeza, imidibaniso yemagnethi ethambileyo enokungena ngcono kumagnethi ilungiselelwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zosetyenziso lwale mihla oluphezulu.
Enye yezona nkqubela zibalaseleyo kwizinto ezintsha kukusetyenziswa kwe-alloys kazibuthe ezinepropathi ezinokuthi zilungelelaniswe ngokufuna iinguqulelo zokuqamba. Ukubonisa, i-amorphous kunye ne-nanocrystalline alloys zisebenza ngokugqithisileyo ekunciphiseni ilahleko engundoqo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba baxakeke kakhulu kwizicelo zokulondoloza amandla. Ngaphaya koko, ubuchule obutsha bokwenza oko kwenze ukuba kwenzeke ukuvelisa imathiriyeli kazibuthe ngokwemilo entsonkothileyo eneempawu ezithile zemagnethi. Oku kuvule indlela yezixhobo ezincinci kodwa ezisebenza kakhulu njengezivavanyi, izifakelo zonyango, njl.njl. apho ukuchaneka kobukhulu kunye nokuziphatha kwemagnethi kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kwixesha elizayo elingekude, uphononongo lwezixhobo zamagnetic ludityaniswe ngokusondeleyo nemodeli yekhompyuter kunye neendlela zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kuvumela ukuqikelelwa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweempawu zemagnethi ngaphambi kokuba nayiphi na imodeli ebonakalayo yenziwe, ngoko ke, ukuza nenkqubo yokuvuselela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Kwakhona, ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo zamagnetic kunye nobuchwepheshe obutsha obuzayo obufana ne-quantum computing kunye ne-spintronics inokutshintsha yonke imeko yesizukulwana esilandelayo sokugcinwa kwedatha kunye nokukwazi ukucubungula. Abaphandi abenzi nje itekhnoloji esekelwe kwimagnethi kodwa banefuthe elifikelela kude kuluntu lwale mihla, ngokusoloko betshintsha inzululwazi yemagnethi.
Izicelo ezinokwenzeka zekamva leMagnetic Metals
Ngokombono wam, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elizayo kweentsimbi zemagneti kuya kwahluka kakhulu kwaye banokutshintsha ihlabathi lamashishini amaninzi ngokulungileyo. Enye yezona ndawo ziphambili zamandla apho iimagnethi ziya kunceda kakhulu kukuvelisa kunye nokugcinwa. Iinjineli sele zisebenzisa izixhobo zemagneti ukwenza iijenereyitha zeinjini yomoya ezinamandla kunye nokwenza izixhobo ezilawula ukudityaniswa kwenyukliya ngokusebenzisa imagnethi. Ke ukuba ezi zinyithi zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukukhulisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusika inkcitho yamandla, iya kuba ngabo benza utshintsho kwiinkqubo zamandla ezizinzileyo. Ngaphezu koko, itekhnoloji yefriji yemagnethi ikwasisicelo somhlaba esithe uphuhliso lweza nalo ukuze lube yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokupholisa engasebenzisi amandla.
Enye indlela elungileyo ikwicandelo lezonyango, apho iintsimbi zemagneti zinokuza nezona ndlela zichanekileyo nezincinci zonyango lwezonyango. Into enkulu kukuba izigulane zomhlaza ezifumana i-nanoparticles yamagnetic kunyango lwe-hyperthermia kunye nokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi azenzi utyando, njengoko ziya kubhekiswa kwiindawo ezithile zomzimba kuphela, kwaye iziphumo zecala nazo ziya kuba zincinci. Ukongeza koku, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemagneti kwiindawo zokucinga ezifana neenkqubo zokucinga ngemagnethi ephuculweyo (MRI), kuphucula ukuchaneka koxilongo kwaye kuthoba ixesha lokuskena.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamagnetic kuqwalaselo lonxibelelwano olukhawulezayo noluthembekileyo lubaluleke kakhulu kwixesha elizayo ledatha kunye nobuchwepheshe be-elektroniki. Umdla ekuphuhliseni ukugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezixhobo ezixhaswe yizinto zamagnetic ziye zanda ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nesantya esikhawulezayo, ezona zinzuzo eziphambili zeteknoloji ye-spitronics. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ii-superconductors eziphambili ezenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kweemagnethi kunye nokukhusela amaza ombane anamandla okwenza isizukulwana esilandelayo se-electronics sihlala sihlala kwaye sithembekile. Ukuthathela ingqalelo zonke ezi mpucuko zetekhnoloji, ikamva leentsimbi zemagneti libonakala liqaqambe kakhulu njengoko lingayi kuba ngumqolo wetekhnoloji yangoku kuphela kodwa liya kuba lapho liphonononge iindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.
Imingeni kuPhuhliso lweMagnetic Alloys eNtsha
Ukwenziwa kwe-alloys entsha ye-high-performance magnetic akuyona nje isayensi kodwa kunye ne-puzzle yezoqoqosho ngexesha elifanayo. Ubunzima bemeko ikakhulu malunga nokufumana indibaniselwano egqibeleleyo yeempawu zezinto eziza kusetyenziswa, phakathi kwazo amandla omagnetic, ukuzinza kwe-thermal, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Kubalulekile ukuba izinto ezidibanisayo zikhethwe ngononophelo kwaye ziphuculwe ukuze ezi zakhiwo zihlale zikhona nasemva kotshintsho kwiimeko zokusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, xa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezifana neodymium okanye i-dysprosium zongezwa kumxube, amandla omagnetic anganyuka kakhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, kukho ubuthathaka bekhonkco lokubonelela olwenziwe ngenxa yokufumaneka kwabo okulinganiselweyo kudityaniswe neendleko eziphezulu zokuvelisa.
Ukongeza koku kungasentla, ubuchule obuvela kwimveliso ngomnye umngeni omkhulu ngaphandle kwezi zikhankanywe ngasentla. Ubuchwephesha obunje ngesinyithi somgubo kunye nokuqina ngokukhawuleza kunokubonelela ngeendlela ezintsha zokoyisa imiba esele ikho, kodwa uninzi lolawulo kufuneka lubekhona kuba kungenjalo, iziphene ebezingamele ukubakho ziya kukhula kwaye zithobe iipropathi zemagneti. Zonke ezi mfuno zineziphumo zazo ezibi kubukho bealloyi ezifanelekileyo kuba imiqobo emininzi ixhomekeke kwimfuno yamacandelo amancinci, aphezulu oxinaniso lwamandla afuna ialloyi ezisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwisikali esincinci sokuphatha ubushushu ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni oko. Enye yemimandla efuna uphuhliso yinzululwazi yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nobunjineli be-nanoscale, kwaye naluphi na uphuhliso olungakumbi kwezi ndawo luya kuba luncedo kakhulu njengoko luya kuququzelela uyilo oluqikelelweyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kovavanyo lweendlela ezintsha ze-alloy.
Kwangaxeshanye, okusingqongileyo ngumcimbi oxhalabisayo, njengoko izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-high-performance magnetic alloys extraction, processing, and disposal inokuba yimithombo ebalulekileyo yomonakalo kwi-ikholoji. Omnye wemisebenzi yabaphandi iya kuba kukufumana ezona ndlela zilungele i-eco-friendly zokufumana kunye nokuphinda usebenzise izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokukhutshwa komjikelo wobomi omncinci kunokwenzeka. Le mingeni ibanzi kangangokuba ukubandakanyeka kwezazinzulu ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kuyimfuneko ukuba sifuna ukufumana intsebenziswano elungileyo phakathi kweengcali zezixhobo, iinjineli, kunye nemveliso okanye nangaphezulu, kushishino lonke.
Ucaphulo
- MetalsCut4U: Ixoxa ngeentsimbi ezahlukeneyo zemagneti, kubandakanya intsimbi, icobalt, i-nickel, kunye nezinye, iqaqambisa intsimbi njengeyona ntsimbi imagnethi emhlabeni.
- Wikipedia – Magnetite: Ichaza ukuba imagneti yeyona imagnethi kuzo zonke iiminerali ezenzeka ngokwendalo, ibonelela ngomxholo wenzululwazi.
- I-Reddit – iNzululwazi yeMathiriyeli: Ingxoxo kuluntu lweSayensi yeMathiriyeli malunga neempawu zamagnetic zesinyithi, kubandakanya intsimbi.
- Cofa apha ukuze ufunde ngakumbi.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (FAQ)
Umbuzo: Yeyiphi eyona ntsimbi imagnetic?
A: Eyona magnethi iphambili yintsimbi, eyaziwa ngeempawu zayo ezinamandla ze-ferromagnetic. Phantsi kwempembelelo yentsimi yemagnethi, iiathom zentsimbi ziyahambelana, ngaloo ndlela zivelisa impembelelo enamandla yemagnethi. Kukwakho neentsimbi ezifana ne-nickel kunye ne-cobalt, ezinemagnethi enkulu.
Umbuzo: Ziziphi iintsimbi ze-ferromagnetic?
A: Iintsimbi ze-Ferromagnetic zibhekisa kwezo zinto zinokutsalwa ngemagnethi ngokusisigxina kwaye zibonisa amandla amakhulu emagnethi. Eli qela lenziwe ngentsimbi, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt. Ukulungelelaniswa kweeathom zazo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ii-dipoles zemagnethi zilungelelane, ngaloo ndlela zandisa iimpawu zazo zemagnethi.
Umbuzo: Ngaba zikhona iintsimbi ezinokuthi zenziwe ngemagnethi?
A: Ngokuqinisekileyo, kuluhlu lweentsimbi ezinokuba nomtsalane kukho isinyithi, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt. Isizathu soku kukuba ezi metals zinee-electron ezingadibaniyo ezinoxanduva lokwenziwa kwentsimi yemagnethi xa iintsimbi zikhona xa kukho amandla emagnethi angaphandle.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi iintsimbi ezingezizo-magnetic?
A: Iintsimbi ezingezizo ezemagnethi azibonisi magnethi kwaye oko kuquka igolide kunye ne-aluminium phakathi kwezinye. Ukwakheka kwazo kweeathomu kukwenza ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kweendawo zemagnethi kube nzima kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zingabi namandla emagnethi.
Umbuzo: Iintsimbi ezifana nentsimbi zibonisa njani umazibuthe?
A: Intsimbi ithathwa njengesixhobo semagnethi kuba yenziwe ngentsimbi, eyona metali ibalulekileyo ye-ferromagnetic. Ngokulawula ulungelelwaniso lweendawo zemagnethi zentsimbi, intsimbi inokuba yimagnethi yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Umbuzo: Yintoni intsingiselo yeepropati zamagnetic kwii-alloys?
A: Iimpawu zemagnethi ze-alloy zimiselwa bubume be-alloy. Ukubakho kweentsimbi ze-ferromagnetic ezifana ne-iron kunye ne-nickel kumxube kuvelisa iimagnethi ezinamandla ngelixa ukufakwa kweentsimbi ezingezizo zemagnethi ezifana ne-aluminium kubangela ukuba imagnethi ibe ncinci okanye ingabikho kwaphela.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi iindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zemagnetism?
A: I-Ferromagnetism, i-paramagnetism, kunye ne-diamagnetism zezona ntlobo zintathu zemagnetism. Amandla emagnethi aqinileyo abonakala kwizinto ze-ferromagnetic ezifana ne-iron, ngelixa kwelinye icala, izinto ze-paramagnetic zinomdla wokutsala amandla emagnethi kancinci. Izinto ezihlelwe njenge-diamagnetic, ezifana ne-copper, azigxothwanga kuphela zii-magnetic fields kodwa zikwajongwa njengee-non-magnetic.
Umbuzo: Yintoni umsebenzi weentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwimagnetism?
A: I-Neodymium kunye ne-samarium ziphakathi kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezinamandla aphezulu emagnethi. Ukudibanisa isakhiwo sazo esikhethekileyo sekristale kunye nokubuyela kwazo kwakhona okugqwesileyo kwenza ukuba zivelise iimagnethi ezinamandla kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela ziba yimfuneko kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe.
Umbuzo: Ngaba inokwenzeka ukuba iintsimbi zibe nomtsalane kwimagnethi?
Impendulo: Impendulo ngu-ewe, iintsimbi ezitsala iimagnethi zezohlobo lwe-ferromagnetic ezizezi i-iron, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt. Isizathu soku kukuba zisebenza njenge-ferromagnetic enceda ukulungelelaniswa kwee-dipoles zemagnethi kwaye ngaloo ndlela kusekwe ukusebenzisana okuqinileyo neemagnethi zangaphandle.
