Inkokeli yinto enomdla yokufunda kunye neempawu zayo ezizodwa, kodwa rhoqo, xa i-magnetism iziswa etafileni, kuvela imibuzo kunye namathandabuzo. Abaninzi bayabuza ukuba ingaba ilothe ithathwa njenge-ferromagnetic, kanye njengentsimbi kunye ne-cobalt. Ukuze ufikelele kwiimpawu zemagneti zelothe, umntu kufuneka aqhube phantsi kwisakhiwo sayo se-athomu kunye nendlela eziphatha ngayo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Siza kujonga ukuba ngaba ilothe yi-ferromagnetic kwaye sityhile uphawu lwayo lwemagnethi, ikhanyise kwezinye zeempawu zayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Wakuba ugqibile ukufunda, uya kuba nokuqonda okucacileyo kwento eyenza ukuba ilothe ime yodwa kwihlabathi lemagnethi.
Ukuqonda iiMpahla zeMagnetic
Inkcazo yeePropati zeMagnetic
Iimpawu zemagneti zichazwa njengesakhono semathiriyeli ukutsala okanye ukugxotha ezinye imathiriyeli phantsi komhlaba wemagnethi. Le propati inqunywe yizenzo zeengqungquthela ze-athomu, ngakumbi ii-electron, kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwezi electron xa zixhomekeke kumandla ombane wangaphandle. Ngokolungiselelo lweathom kunye ne-electron, izixhobo zinokubonisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo zemagneti ezifana ne-ferromagnetism, iparamagnetism, okanye i-diamagnetism.
Isikhokelo, ekubeni sisixhobo se-diamagnetic, ngokusisiseko sibonakalisa ubuthathaka kunye nemagnethi engalunganga. Xa ibonakaliswe kumandla emagnethi angaphandle, ilothe ithande ukuseka imagnethi echasayo ebuthathaka kakhulu. Ilothe, ekubeni ingeyo-ferromagnetic, ayizigcini ngokwayo naluphi na uhlobo lwemagneti xa amandla ombane angaphandle erhoxisiwe.
Ubume be-diamagnetic belothe ibalelwa kulungiselelo olulodwa lwee-electron ezibonelela ngomda omncinci wolungelelwaniso lwemagnethi. Ngenxa yale propati isisiseko, ilothe ifumana ukusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo apho i-magnetism eyomeleleyo iyimfuneko. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu ezinomdla zemagnethi zelothe zinokuba luncedo kwizinto ezikhethekileyo zenzululwazi okanye usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso, enye yazo inokuba kukuthintelwa kombane wombane. Ulwazi lolu hlobo lunceda ukubeka ukhokelo kumfanekiso omkhulu wokufunda ngemagnethi.
Iindidi zezinto zeMagnetic
Ukuhlelwa kwezi mathiriyeli kazibuthe ngokwesiseko seempawu zazo zemagneti zihlala ziziindidi ezine: i-ferromagnetic, iparamagnetic, idiamagnetic, kunye ne-antiferromagnetic. Ukuphendula kwabo kumandla kazibuthe kunceda ekwahluleni kwabo, ngaloo ndlela bafumane iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza.
Izixhobo zeFerromagnetic:
Ezi ziquka intsimbi, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt. Baphuhlisa imagneti enkulu phantsi kosetyenziso lwemagnethi kwaye basawugcina umazibuthe wabo emva kokurhoxiswa kwentsimi. Ke, zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezisisigxina, iiguquli, kunye nezixhobo zokugcina imagnethi ngenxa yemagnetization eyomeleleyo kunye nokuzingisa.
Izinto zeParamagnetic:
Iimathiriyeli ezinomtsalane obuthathaka ukuya kummandla wemagnethi kwaye ziyayeka ukugcina ipropathi yemagnethi ngokungabikho kwaloo mimandla ibizwa ngokuba yiparamagnetic. Ezi ziquka i-aluminiyam, iplatinam, kunye ne-magnesium. Ezo zixhobo zisetyenziswa apho kufuneka i-magnetization yethutyana, njenge-MRI kunye neentlobo ezithile zezinzwa.
Izixhobo zeDiamagnetic kunye ne-Antiferromagnetic:
Ilothe yi-diamagnetic kwaye iya kugxothwa kwimagnethi ngobuthathaka. Ke, ezo zixhobo azitsali imagnethi kwaye ngoko nangoko zibuyela kwimeko yazo yendalo xa sele icinyiwe intsimi. Ngokwahlukileyo, izixhobo ze-antiferromagnetic, ezinje nge-manganese oxide, zinesakhiwo sangaphakathi apho iiathom ezikufutshane zinechasano yemagnethi echaseneyo, yiyo loo nto irhoxisa nayiphi na impembelelo yemagnethi. Izinto ezinjalo zifundelwa iipropathi zazo ezikhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwizicelo eziphambili ezibandakanya i-spintronics kunye ne-quantum computing.
Ulwazi lwezi ndidi luya kunceda izazinzulu kunye neenjineli ukuba zithathe isigqibo malunga nokukhetha imathiriyeli yemagnethi efanelekileyo ukuze isetyenziswe kuyo nantoni na ukusuka kwi-elektroniki yemihla ngemihla ukuya kwitekhnoloji ephucukileyo. Uhlobo ngalunye lunomsebenzi owahlukileyo, kwaye oku, kwakhona, kunceda ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinkalo ezininzi.
I-Ferromagnetic, iParamagnetic, kunye ne-Diamagnetic ecacisiweyo
Izixhobo zemagneti zinokuhlelwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela abasabela ngayo kumhlaba wemagnethi: i-ferromagnetic, iparamagnetic, kunye nediamagnetic. Ezi klasi zibonisa umahluko osisiseko kwindlela imathiriyeli esabela ngayo kumandla emagnethi kunye nemimandla, nganye igquma uluhlu lwezicelo ezisekelwe kwiimpawu zazo.
Izixhobo zeFerromagnetic:
Izixhobo ze-Ferromagnetic ezifana nentsimbi, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel zitsalwa ngamandla kakhulu ngoomazibuthe kwaye zinokuwugcina owazo uzibuthe xa kungekho mhlaba wangaphandle wemagnethi. Oku kungenxa yokuba amaxesha abo omagnetic alungelelaniswa ngaphakathi kwemathiriyeli, kwaye imimandla eyomeleleyo yemagnethi iyasetwa. Ezo zixhobo zenziwe zibe ziimagnethi, nasekugcineni idatha, iimotor zombane, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso nakwitekhnoloji.
Izinto zeParamagnetic:
Kwimathiriyeli ye-paramagnetic, amaxesha amagnetic athande ukuhambelana, nangona abuthathaka kakhulu, kunye nomhlaba wangaphandle wemagnethi. Amaxesha emagnethi yezinto zeparamagnetic azilungelelanisi ngokusisigxina njengoko zibonwa kwizinto zeferromagnetic. Endaweni yoko, umzuzu wamagnetic wezinto zeparamagnetic ulungelelanisa kuphela phambi kommandla wangaphandle wamagnetic, kwaye ulungelelwaniso luyanyamalala ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba indawo yangaphandle yamagnetic ithathwe. Nangona zibuthathaka kakhulu kwisimilo sazo semagnethi, ezi zixhobo zeparamagnetic zifumana ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo, ezinje ngomfanekiso wezonyango (umzekelo, iiarhente zokuchasa iMRI).
Izixhobo zeDiamagnetic:
Izinto ezinjalo, ubhedu, igraphite, kunye nebismuth, zigxothwa kancinane yimagnethi. Abanalo ixesha lemagnethi esisigxina; kunoko, xa imagnethi yangaphandle isetyenziswa, zilungelelanisa kunye nemizuzu echasayo ebuthathaka. Amandla anjalo e-diamagnetism ahlala ebuthathaka kakhulu kwaye ayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiziphumo ezinamandla zemagnethi kodwa zibekwe kakuhle kwizicelo ezihambelana nemagnethi yokukhanya kunye nokuchaneka kwesixhobo.
Ukuqonda olu kuhlelwa kunceda ekuxhaseni imathiriyeli efanelekileyo kwinjongo ethile, ukulungelelanisa izinto ezifana namandla, ixesha elide, kunye nokusabela kumandla ombane.
Inkokeli kunye nokuziphatha kwayo kweMagnetic
Ngaba iLead Magnetic okanye iNonmagnetic?
Ilothe ithathwa njengengeyomagnetic, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba isinyithi sibonisa ukudibana okutyhafileyo kunye nokungahoywayo kunye nomhlaba wemagnethi. Ihlelwa njengentsimbi yediamagnetic, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izama ukuseta indawo enemagnethi ebuthathaka echasa umhlaba womagnethi osetyenziswa ngaphandle. Kodwa i-diamagnetism enjalo ibuthathaka kangangokuba inokulinganiswa kuphela ngezixhobo ezichanekileyo kakhulu. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ilothe ayiyi kugcina nayiphi na imagneti, ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo ze-ferromagnetic ezifana nentsimbi, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel.
Ubume be-diamagnetic belothe buzinze kulwakhiwo lwayo lombane. Zonke ii-elekhtroni ezikhokelayo zidityaniswe ngababini. Ngaphandle kwee-electron ezingasebenziyo, akunakubakho naliphi na ixesha lemagnethi esisigxina, njengoko likhona kwizinto ze-ferromagnetic okanye zeparamagnetic. Oku kwenza ilothe ingabi namdla kwimpembelelo yemagnethi: Ishiti elikhokelayo elilele kufutshane nemagnethi eyomeleleyo alibonisi mtsalane ubonakalayo okanye ukuchaswa. Olu luphawu oluqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izinto zediamagnetic ezifana nobhedu, igolide, kunye nebismuth.
Isikhokelo sayo asifumani magnethi kwaye ke ayinakusetyenziselwa uninzi lwezicelo ezinxulumene nemagnethi. Nangona kunjalo, izicelo ze-esoteric zinokusebenza ukuze zizuze kule propati inqabileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba yi-diamagnetic, ilothe inokubhekiswa kuyo njengesixhobo sokukhusela izixhobo ezibuthathaka kuphazamiseko lwemagnethi. Ifumana ukusetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo naphi na apho imathiriyeli engeyiyo imagnetic ifuneka khona ukwahlula okanye ukunciphisa iziphumo zangaphandle. Ngaphaya koko, xa idityaniswe nezinye iipropathi zayo, ezifana noxinano oluphezulu kunye nokumelana nomhlwa, ilothe isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezidumileyo ezingananto yakwenza nomazibuthe, njengokukhuselwa kwimitha kunye nokwenza ibhetri.
Ukuthelekiswa kweLead kunye neFerromagnetic Materials
I-Lead ibonisa ukuziphatha kwe-diamagnetic kunye namandla anamandla okugxotha ngokuchasene nemagnethi, ngokungafaniyo nezinto ze-ferromagnetic ezifana nentsimbi, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel, ezitsala i-magnetism ngamandla kwaye zigcine imagneti esisigxina.
ISayensi eNgemva kweMagnetism
Ulwakhiwo lweAtom yeNkokeli kunye neMagnetism
Ngenani le-atom lama-82, ilothe yintsimbi eshinyeneyo, ethambileyo ephawuleka kakhulu ngokuziphatha kwayo kwediamagnetic. Ubume bayo be-elektroniki, [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2], ibalulekile kukungasebenzi kwayo kwemagnethi. Ii-electrons eziyi-6p2 kwiqokobhe langaphandle zingena kwi-symmetrical distributions kwaye ngaloo ndlela ziyaxhathisa ukuqhelaniswa ne-magnetic field vector esetwe yimpembelelo encinci yangaphandle. iiathom zelothe zine-random orientation kwi-crystalline structure; kungoko ukwakheka kwayo nayiphi na imimandla enozibuthe ithintelwa ngoku kucwangciswa kwangaphambili kweathom. Ngokwalo mgaqo-siseko weathom kunye nolungelelwaniso lwe-elektroniki, ilothe iba yidiamagnetic, ibonakalisa ukuthomalalisa okutyhafileyo kwimihlaba kazibuthe.
Esona siseko se-diamagnetism siyacetyiswa ngoMthetho kaLenz, apho umhlaba wemagnethi wangaphandle uphembelela imisinga emincinci kwizinto ezivelisa imagnethi yobukhulu obulinganayo kodwa kwicala elichasene ngqo. Ilothe ayinakuba yi-ferromagnetic, ngokuqinisekileyo, kuba ayithwali ii-electron ezingadityaniswanga kwii-orbital zayo zangaphandle; ukungabikho kwee-electron ezingabonakaliyo kwi-orbitals yangaphandle kuthintela i-dipoles ye-athomu ukulungelelanisa ngokubambisana ukugcina i-magnetization emva kokuba intsimi yangaphandle isusiwe.
Ngokusebenzisa i-spectroscopy enesisombululo esiphezulu kunye neendlela zokulinganisa ii-quantum mechanic, ubunzima obukhulu beathom yelothe kunye nelifu le-electron elibotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo liyancipha ekusebenzisaneni kwabo neempembelelo zemagnethi zangaphandle. Ezo mpawu zikhetha ukusetyenziswa kwelothe kwizicelo ezifuna ukona uzinzo kunye nokungasebenzeki kwakhona kwimekobume yemagnethi, efana nokukhuselwa kukhuseleko lwemitha. Kwelinye icala, izinto ze-ferromagnetic ezinje ngentsimbi kunye nenickel zinonxibelelwano oluluqilima olunikwa ii-dipoles zeathom ezichasanayo kunye nee-electron ezingasebenziyo, ngaloo ndlela zinikezela ngeyantlukwano engacacanga evela kwiipropathi zemagneti phakathi kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo.
Ifuthe leMagnetic yaNgaphandle kwiNkokeli
I-dia-magnetic uhlobo lwemathiriyeli, ilothe ivelisa kuphela impendulo ebuthathaka, engalunganga kwiindawo zemagnethi zangaphandle, eziguqulela kumzuzu omncinci ochasayo wemagnethi odalwe xa iphambi kommandla wemagnethi. Olu phawu lubangelwe zii-electron ezidityanisiweyo, apho ii-spins ezingadityaniswanga zibe ziyimfuneko ukuze kubekho unxibelelwano oluluqilima lwemagnethi. Njengazo zonke izixhobo ze-diamagnetic, impendulo yelothe nayo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubushushu, kwaye oku kunikezela umphumo ube phantse uqikeleleke phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo.
Impendulo yemizuzu yokukhokelela kwiinkalo zamagnetic, ngokubanzi, inempembelelo enomdla kwizicelo zesayensi kunye nezoshishino. Umzekelo, ilothe isebenza kwiinkqubo zokhuselo lwemagnethi apho ipropathi yayo yediamagnetic inceda ekwehliseni ifuthe lemagnethi kwisixhobo esibuthathaka okanye ukuseta umfuniselo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo phantsi kwezixhobo ze-superconducting zikhokelela ngokwazo zisetyenziselwa ukungakwazi ukusebenza ngokuphazamiseka kwamagnetic, ukuqinisekisa imeko apho uzinzo kunye nokuchaneka kuxhomekeke ekuphazamisekeni okuncinci kwamagnetic kwangaphandle.
Ngaphaya koko, uphononongo malunga nefuthe lemagnethi yangaphandle kwilothe lubonise imida yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngaphakathi kwemimandla yemagnethi eguqukayo. Ngenxa yokungena kwayo kancinci, ilothe ayinakuqwalaselwa kwizicelo apho umtsalane owomeleleyo wemagnethi okanye ulungelelwaniso luya kufuneka. Nangona kunjalo, kwaloo propati iyenza ithathelwe ingqalelo kwiindawo ezinjengokhuselo lwemitha, apho ukungathathi hlangothi kwemagnethi kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okungaguqukiyo kwekhaka. Ukuqonda okunjalo konxibelelwano lwe-dichotomic yelothe luchaza uhambo lwayo njenge-asethi enqabileyo kunye nemathiriyeli ethwele imida yendalo.
Ukuqwalaselwa koMfuniselo kwiMimandla yeMagnetic
Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwamva nje lubonisa ukuba ilothe ibonakalisa iindlela zokuziphatha ezingaqhelekanga xa iphantsi kwemagnethi, ngakumbi inikwe iimpawu zayo zediamagnetic. Izinto zeDiamagnetic ezifana nelothe ziphawulwa kukurhoxa okubuthathaka kubukho bemagnethi. Ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo ze-ferromagnetic okanye iparamagnetic, ilothe ayizihambelani kakhulu namandla kazibuthe. Olu nxibelelwano lutyhafileyo lwaqinisekiswa ngokomfuniselo ngokubeka iisampulu zelothe kwimimandla yangaphandle yokuqina okwahlukileyo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuthambekela okuphantsi kwemagnethi, okuthetha ukuba ukhokelo alukwazi ukugcina amandla emagnethi okanye ukuphuhlisa ipolarity yemagnethi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.
Kuthathwe kunye nemilinganiselo yokumelana nombane kumaqondo okushisa e-cryogenic, kuyacaca ukuba impendulo ye-lead kwintsimi yamagnetic iphinda ichaphazeleke kwisigaba se-superconducting. Ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa elibalulekileyo, oko kukuthi, kufutshane ne-7.2 K, i-lead ingena kwi-superconducting state, ikhupha yonke imigca ye-magnetic flux ngokupheleleyo; oku kubizwa ngokuba yiMeissner effect. Olu hlobo lwempendulo luxhasa ingxabano yokusetyenziswa kwelothe kwimagnethi ye-superconducting apho umphumo wemagnethi ufuna ukuhlukaniswa. Inkokeli, ke ngoko, ifumana ukusetyenziswa njengomqhubi ekuvunyelwene ngawo kwizicelo ezithile zobushushu obuphantsi obufuna ukhuselo lwemagnethi ngenxa yendlela eziphatha ngayo ngokuqikelelwayo kwiimeko ezinjalo.
Nangona kunjalo, imida yabonwa kuvavanyo, ngakumbi xa ilothe isetyenziswa ngokudityaniswa nezinye izinto phantsi kweemeko zentsimi eziguqukayo. Ngelixa i-diamagnetism ibambe ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kumandla kazibuthe aphantsi kwaye angaguquguqukiyo, kukho iimeko ezingxamisekileyo zemathiriyeli ezahlukeneyo phantsi kokuqina kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zemagnethi eziphendula ngcono kuxinzelelo lwemagnethi. Ezo ziphumo ziluncedo ekuziseni usetyenziso olulawulwayo lwelothe kwimimandla efana nefiziksi yamasuntswana kunye nobuchwepheshe bezonyango, apho ukuqonda ukuba imathiriyeli zibandakanya njani na imagnethi ibalulekile ekwandiseni uyilo kunye nokusebenza.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye neziphumo zeePropati zeMazinethi zeNkokeli
Ukusetyenziswa kweLethe kwiMagnetic Shielding
Ngeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo, ilothe iye yaba lilitye eliphambili ekukhuseleni imagnethi-uxinaniso oluphezulu kunye nokuphazamiseka-ubuchule bokuvala iifom zemitha kunye nemagnethi yangaphandle. Oku kulandelayo kukusetyenziswa okuhlanu kunye nezicelo apho ukhokelo lunegalelo kwinkqubo yokukhusela:
- 1. I-Accelerators yamasuntswana:
Ukuveliswa kwemimandla yamagnetic elahlekileyo kuvela ngexesha lokunyuka kwamasuntswana. Ilothe isetyenziselwa ukukhusela izixhobo zokubona izinto ezinovakalelo, njengoko ibonelela ngomqobo ozinzile kwaye oxineneyo obangela kungabikho ziphumo zibi ekutolikweni kweziphumo zovavanyo. - 2. Oomatshini beMRI:
Kwiimeko zonyango, ukhuseleko olukhokelayo ludityaniswe malunga noomatshini be-MRI ukukhusela izixhobo ezinzulu zoomatshini ekuphazamisekeni kombane kunye nokugcina umatshini kude nemiba evela kumhlaba owomeleleyo wemagnethi. - 3. IiNkqubo zeCryogenics kunye neSuperconducting:
I-Lead ifumana isicelo ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka kwemagnethi yangaphandle kwiinkqubo ze-cryogenic kunye ne-superconducting, ngaloo ndlela igcina imeko ebuthathaka ye-superconductivity. - 4. IiSpectrometers zeNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR):
Ukukhusela okukhokelayo kwi-NMR kuthintela nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle okubangelwa yimagnethi, ngaloo ndlela ivumela uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwemolekyuli kunye ne-spectroscopic. - 5. Imakroskopu ye-Elektroni:
Ukukhusela okukhokelayo kunceda ukuthintela i-oscillations evela kumhlaba wemagnethi yangaphandle kwiimicroscopes ze-electron, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukubonwa kwesisombululo esibalulekileyo kuphando lwe-nanoscale.
Ezi zenzo nokusetyenziswa kwazo zibonisa ukuguquguquka kunye nokuba luncedo kwelothe ekukhuseleni itekhnoloji ngeendlela zenzululwazi, ezonyango, kunye nezoshishino. Ngenxa yokukwazi ukusebenza kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zamagnetic, iye yaba yenye yezinto eziphambili kule ntsimi.
Khokela kwi-Electronics kunye ne-Magnetic Applications
Ukusebenzisa iipropathi zayo ezizodwa, ilothe ifumana izicelo ezibalulekileyo kwi-electronics kunye nemagnethi. Uxinaniso oluphezulu, ukonakala, kunye nokumelana nomhlwa kwenza ilothe ibe yimfuneko kwiinjongo ezininzi. Usetyenziso oluhlanu oluphambili lwelothe kwizinto zombane kunye nemagnethi ziquka:
- 1. Iibhetri zeLead-Acid:
Ilothe isetyenziswa kwiibhetri ezineasidi yelothe ezifumaneka kwiimoto, ugcino lwamandla elanga, kunye neenkqubo zobonelelo lwamandla olungaphazamisekiyo (UPS). Ezi bhetri zithatha ithuba leepleyiti zelothe kunye ne-lead dioxide ukugcina amandla ngokuthembekileyo kwaye ziphinde zitshaje xa kuyimfuneko. - 2. Izinto zokuSoda:
Ilothe licandelo elibalulekileyo kwi-solder yemveli, esetyenziswa kakhulu ukuncamathisela okanye ukuncamathisela izinto ze-elektroniki kwiibhodi zesekethe. I-alloy-tin alloy kwi-solder inenzuzo yeqondo lokushisa eliphantsi lokunyibilika kunye nokuhamba kakuhle kombane. - 3. UkuKhusela iRadiation kwiZixhobo:
Ilothe isetyenziselwa ukukhusela izixhobo zombane ezibuthathaka kwimitha kunye nokuphazamiseka kombane. Olu setyenziso lubalulekile koomatshini bezonyango, izixhobo zenzululwazi kunye noomatshini boshishino abasebenza kwiindawo eziphawulwa ngokusasazeka kwemitha ephezulu. - 4. Ukhuselo lweMagnetic:
Ilothe idityaniswe nezinye izinto, njengentsimbi yesilicon, ingasetyenziswa njengokhuselo lwemagnethi kwizicelo ezininzi. Ezi zikhuselo zikhusela izixhobo ze-elektroniki ukuba zingaphazanyiswa yimagnethi yangaphandle. - 5. I-Oxide yeNkokheli kwiiNgxelo zoMbane:
I-Lead oxide ifumana ukusetyenziswa ekwenziweni kwezinto zombane ezifana nezixhobo ze-piezoelectric, ii-thermistors, kunye nezinye ii-capacitors. Ukuzinza kwayo kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zombane zinika ukuba zilungele umbane okhethekileyo.
Njengoko ezi meko zibonisa, ukhokelo luhlala lubalulekile ekuqhubeleni phambili izinto zombane kunye nenzululwazi yemagnethi, nto leyo eyenza ibe yeyona nto iphambili kuphuhliso lwangoku.
Izalathiso zoPhando lwexesha elizayo kwiiPropati zeMazinethi zeNkokeli
Izifundo ngeempawu zemagneti zelothe zisekwinqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu kuba ilothe icingelwa ukuba ubukhulu becala idiamagnetic enentshukumo yemagnethi engekhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenzululwazi yemathiriyeli kunye nenkqubela phambili ye-quantum physics, kukho izinto ezinomdla ezinokuthi zibe nembono. Apha ngezantsi ziindawo ezintlanu eziphambili zophando ezijolise ekusebenziseni iipropathi zemagneti zelothe:
- 1. Uphononongo lweziXhobo zeQuantum eziSekwe kwiLead:
Injongo kukuphanda ukukhokela kwimathiriyeli yobungakanani kunye nokufunda indlela ubume be-elektroniki obunokuthi bubangele izinto ezingaqhelekanga zemagnethi. Oku kunokwenziwa nge-quantum simulations kunye ne-spectroscopy ephezulu. - 2. Uphuhliso lweziXhobo zeMagnethi eziManyeneyo:
Ngokwenza udidi lwenoveli yemathiriyeli edibeneyo eneempawu ezizodwa zemagneti ngokuxuba ilothe kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezinomagnetic okanye ezingenamagnetic. Oku kuya kubandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kovavanyo kunye nemodeli yokubala ukuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha kunye neepropathi. - 3. IiPropati zeMagnetic kwiNanoscale:
Izifundo ezibandakanya i-nanoparticles ekhokelayo okanye iifilimu ezincinci zicebise ukuba kunokwenzeka iimpendulo zamagnetic phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Izifundo ze-Nanoscale zibalulekile ukumisela ukuba ubungakanani, indawo engaphezulu, kunye namandla angaphandle anje ngemagnethi esetyenziswayo okanye amasimi ombane, aphembelela indlela yokuziphatha kwemagnethi kwilothe. - 4. Indima yeSuperconductivity kwiMagnetism:
Inkokeli yenye yezona superconductors ezaziwa kakhulu, kwaye izifundo zijolise ekuphandeni impembelelo ye-superconductivity kwintsimi yamagnetic kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-lead, eya kuba nefuthe kwi-hybrid superconductor-magnetic devices. - 5. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye neziphumo zobushushu obuphantsi kwiNkokelo:
Iinzame zovavanyo zisendleleni yokufunda ukuba iimeko zoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nobushushu obusezantsi kakhulu zibuguqula njani ubume bombane kunye nemagnethi yelothe. Izazinzulu zibhenela kwizixhobo ezichanekileyo, ezifana neeseli ze-diamond anvil kunye ne-cryostats, ukuvavanya ezi ziganeko.
Zontlanu iinkalo zophando zidibanisa ithiyori kunye novavanyo lokuqonda ngakumbi amandla okukhokela kwizinto eziphambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemagnethi.
Iingcamango ezingezizo eziqhelekileyo malunga neNkokeli kunye neMagnetism
I-Debunking Myths: Khokela njengeMathiriyeli yeFerromagnetic
Enye ingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo yinkolelo yokuba ilothe iziphatha njengesixhobo se-ferromagnetic, ngokufana nokuthandwa kwentsimbi, i-cobalt, okanye i-nickel. Oku akuyonyani; i-lead yi-diamagnetic, echasa indawo yemagnethi ebuthathaka esetyenziswa ngaphandle xa isetyenziswa. Olu luhlu lweziganeko lwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ulwakhiwo lombane lwelothe alukwazi ukuxhasa ii-electron ezingasebenziyo eziyimfuneko kwi-ferromagnetism.
Iimathiriyeli ze-Ferromagnetic zixhomekeke kubalawuli bee-electron spins bazilungelelanisa kwicala elinye ukuvelisa amasimi anamandla emagnethi. Noko ke, ilothe, eneelektroni zayo ezidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kumaqokobhe angaphandle, iyakuthintela ulungelelwaniso olunjalo. Ngenxa yoku, i-elementi ekhokelayo ayikwazi ukuzicwangcisa ngokwazo ngokwazo naziphi na iinguqu kwiqondo lokushisa okanye uxinzelelo lokubonisa i-ferromagnetism.
Iimagnetometers ezinobuthathaka kakhulu ziye zaya kude nangaphaya ukubonisa ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zemagnethi ezilele kukhokelo. Uvavanyo luyaqhubeka nokuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na impendulo yemagnethi ebonwa kwilothe ibuthathaka kakhulu, ngenxa yokuziphatha kwayo kwe-diamagnetic. Ke, iifom zengcinga ezikhokelayo zinezicelo ezinomda kwimagnetism, zahluke kakhulu kwezo zimathiriyeli ezamkelweyo ze-ferromagnetic.
Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba iLothe ingagqalwa njengeNsimbi yeMagnetic
Ukuzama ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ilothe ayithathwa njengentsimbi yemagnethi Kulula kakhulu xa umntu eqwalasela iimpawu zangaphakathi. Ngokombono wam, ukhokelo alunalulungelelwano lweathom kakhulu lokuthwala umhlaba owomeleleyo wemagnethi. Ngokuchaseneyo neentsimbi ze-ferromagnetic apho ii-electron zilungelelanisa ukuvelisa umzuzu wemagnethi jikelele, ii-electron ze-lead zicwangciswa ngokwahlukileyo. Le ndalo isisiseko ibangela ukuba ibe yi-diamagnetic, igxotha imagnethi kunokuba itsale.
Mna ngokwam ndiyifumana inika umdla into yokuba impendulo yokhokelo kumandla kazibuthe ibuthathaka kangangokuba amaxesha amaninzi isixhobo esibuthathaka kakhulu siyafuneka ukuze silinganise. Nakwiimeko ezigqithisileyo zobushushu obuphantsi okanye uxinzelelo oluphezulu, ilothe ihlala ubukhulu becala idiamagnetic. Oku kunento yokwenza nokunqongophala kwee-electron ezingasebenziyo ezifunekayo ukuseta imimandla yemagnethi yokuziphatha kwe-ferromagnetic. Lo mahluko uphambili phakathi kwelothe kunye nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zemagnethi zizisa kugqaliselo lwendlela ulwakhiwo lweathom olulawula ngayo iimpawu zemagnethi.
Ubume beLead obungenamagnetic, xa kucingwe ngokwemigaqo yosetyenziso olusebenzayo, ingena kakuhle. Ihlala isetyenziselwa izinto ezinje ngokukhusela kwimitha okanye iibhetri, ezingafuni ukuziphatha kwemagnethi. Kum, inyani yokuba i-lead ayinamagnetic sisikhumbuzo esikhulu sokuba kude kangakanani kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo zesayensi. Yonke imathiriyeli, kunye nelothe ngokukodwa, isebenzela injongo yayo, kunye neempawu ezigqitywe kulwakhiwo lweathom kunye nokunxibelelana.
Ukucacisa Umahluko phakathi kweLead kunye neMagnetic Metals
Ilothe kunye neentsimbi zemagneti ezifana nentsimbi, i-nickel, kunye ne-cobalt, ngenxa yokulungelelaniswa kwazo kwe-athomu, zahluke ngokupheleleyo kwiipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Ilothe, enenani leatom lama-82, yinto enzima, ethambileyo ethathwa ngokuba ingeyiyo imagnetic. Ii-electron ezikwilothe zicwangciswe ngendlela yokuba zingalungelelani ukuze zenze imagnethi enkulu; ngenxa yoko, i-diamagnetic. Oku kuchasene neentsimbi ze-ferromagnetic, ezifana nentsimbi, apho ii-electron ezingadityaniswanga kulungiselelo lwazo lweathom zivumela umbane oqinileyo nosisigxina.
Iintsimbi zemagneti zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iimotor zombane, iziguquli, ukurekhodwa kwemagnethi, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuhambelanayo kuba zivelisa kwaye zigcine umhlaba wemagnethi. Ilothe, ngokuchaseneyo, ikufanele ukuqwalaselwa ngenxa yokumelana nomhlwa, ukuxinana, kunye nobuchule bokukhusela kwimitha. Uphononongo oluneenkcukacha ezininzi lubonise ukuba ukunqongophala kweepropathi zemagneti kwilothe kungenxa yokudityaniswa okupheleleyo kwamaqokobhe ee-electron okanye ii-orbitals zeathom ezingavumeli unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo lwemagnethi.
Ukuqonda lo mahluko kukhanyisa ukusetyenziswa okukhethekileyo kwemathiriyeli kubunjineli kunye neteknoloji. Ngelixa iintsimbi ezinozibuthe zibalulekile ekuguqulweni nasekugcinweni kwamandla, ilothe ibalulekile kumashishini afuna uzinzo kunye nokukhuselwa, okufana neebhetri ze-lead-asidi okanye iX-ray shielding. Oku kudityaniswa kungasetyenziselwa ukuchaza indlela iiyantlukwano kwinqanaba leathom ezivelisa ngayo iyantlukwano enkulu kwizinto ezinokubakho.
Ucaphulo
- IYunivesithi yaseGeorgia State: iiPropati zeMagnetic of Solids
Lo mthombo ubonelela ngetheyibhile eneenkcukacha yeepropathi zemagneti, eqinisekisa ukuba ilothe yidiamagnetic. - IYunivesithi yaseDuke: Isifundo soKhuseleko lweMRI
Esi sifundo sicacisa ukuba iintsimbi ezifana nelothe azikho i-ferromagnetic kwaye ziqaqambisa indlela eziziphatha ngayo kwimagnethi. - I-Harvard ADS: I-Ferromagnetism kwiiPencil zeGraphite zeLead
Eli phepha lezemfundo liphonononga iimpawu zemagneti kwizinto ezisekelwe kwilothe, linikezela ngemibono yovavanyo. - IYunivesithi yase-Illinois: Iimagnethi kunye nentsimbi
Esi sixhobo sixoxa ngeempawu zemagneti zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ilothe, kwaye iqinisekisa ubume bayo be-diamagnetic. - Cofa apha ukuze ufunde ngakumbi.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (FAQ)
Umbuzo: Ngaba i-ferromagnetic ilothe?
A: Ilothe ayinayo i-ferromagnetic. Ayibonisi iipropathi ezinomtsalane zemagneti ezifana nezixhobo zeferromagnetic ezifana nentsimbi okanye nickel. Endaweni yoko, ilothe ithathwa njenge-diamagnetic, okuthetha ukuba igxotha amandla kazibuthe.
Umbuzo: Yintoni imagnethi yokuziphatha kwelothe?
A: Ngokumalunga nokuziphatha kwemagnethi yelothe, oko kuthetha ukuba ilothe ayiyomagnethi. Xa ilothe iphantsi kwemagnethi, ayiwugcini nawuphi na umazibuthe, xa sele isusiwe imagnethi. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kuhlala kwi-non-magnetic behavior.
Umbuzo: Ngaba i-lead ingasebenza ngemagnethi?
A: Ilothe ayinakwenziwa imagnethi ngendlela i-ferromagnetic substance. Nangona iphendula kumhlaba wemagnethi wangaphandle-ubungakanani begalelo abunamsebenzi kakhulu, ngoko ke ukhokelo alunakuvelisa umzuzu omkhulu wemagnethi.
Q: Injani ilothe xa ithelekiswa nemathiriyeli yeferromagnetic?
A: Ilothe, ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo ze-ferromagnetic ezifana nentsimbi kunye ne-nickel, ayibonisi iimpawu ezinamandla zemagneti. Ilothe ichongiwe njengesixhobo sediamagnetic kuba ayibambi amandla okwenza umazibuthe okanye ukubonisa umazibuthe osisigxina.
Umbuzo: Ngaba i-lead ingaba ngumagnetic ukuba ixutywe nezinto ze-ferromagnetic okanye i-paramagnetic?
A: Kwimeko apho umxube wenziwa apho ilothe idityaniswe nezinto ze-ferromagnetic, ialloyi eveliswayo kufuneka, ngokomgaqo, ibe neempawu zemagneti ezibuthathaka. Into ekhokelayo ngokwayo ihlala ingeyiyo imagnetic, ngeli lixa ukuziphatha kwemagnethi iyonke kuya kuxhomekeka kubungakanani bento yeferromagnetic kumxube.
Umbuzo: Ziziphi iimpawu zelothe?
A: Ilothe sisinyithi esinzima, esithambileyo esikwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa. Isebenza ngombane, kwaye indawo yayo yokunyibilika iphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zakhiwo ezibonakalayo azibandakanyi naziphi na iimpawu zemagneti ezibalulekileyo ngenxa yobume bayo obungenamagnetic.
Umbuzo: Ingaba ilothe ingawuhambisa umbane?
A: Ewe, ilothe inokuqhuba umbane. Kodwa i-conductivity yayo iphantsi kakhulu xa ithelekiswa neentsimbi ezifana nobhedu okanye i-aluminium.
Umbuzo: Ngaba ilothe isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizicelo ezifuna iipropathi zamagnetic?
A: Kuba ilothe ingeyiyo imagnethi, abantu abafane bayisebenzise kwizicelo ezifuna iimpawu ezinamandla zemagnethi. Nangona kunjalo, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi naphi na apho kufuneka khona ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye nokuchasana kokubola.
Umbuzo: Xa ilothe ibonakaliswe kumhlaba wemagnethi?
A: Xa ilothe ibonakaliswe kumhlaba wemagnethi, ayifumani magnethi kwaye ayigcini nayiphi na ipropathi yemagnethi yakuba isusiwe imagnethi. Ubume bayo be-diamagnetic buthetha ukuba igxotha umhlaba wemagnethi.
Umbuzo: Kutheni kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ilothe yimagnethi?
A: Usetyenziso olwahlukileyo lufuna imathiriyeli eyohlukeneyo eneempawu ezahlukeneyo zemagnethi, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba zeziphi izicelo ezinokusetyenziswa. Olu lwazi luya kunceda ekukhetheni izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kwizicelo ezithile kwi-electronics kunye nesayensi yezinto eziphathekayo.
