Ubhedu sesinye sesinyithi esibalaseleyo esisetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo kwaye kubalulekile ukwazi indawo yokunyibilika kwayo, Oku kubalulekile ekuboniseni iqondo lobushushu apho isinyithi sifumana iplastiki, kwaye ngaphantsi kwelo qondo lobushushu, isinyithi sinokuphinda sifumane uhlobo lwaso lwangaphambili xa sigxininisekile okanye sibunjiwe. Ubushushu bokunyibilika kobhedu bumalunga ne-1,981°F (1,083°C). Ngamanye amazwi, eli liqondo lobushushu apho ubhedu olusulungekileyo lunyibilika. Ipropathi yobhedu yokunyibilika isetyenziswa kakhulu kubunjineli bomatshini kunye naxa kusenziwa iingcingo. Xa iindawo zobhedu zingcwatywe emhlabeni, yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuyisebenzisa kuba ayigqwali okanye ifumane ioksijini ngokulula. Ngokwembali ngokuqinisekileyo kwimpucuko yobudala obufana namaJiphutha ukuya kwihlabathi langoku namhlanje iinxalenye zentsimbi ziye zaphunyezwa kuzo zonke iimilo, imibala kunye nezakhiwo ngoko ke iphakamisa umbuzo wokuba zeziphi iindlela zobhedu ezikhethwa ukuba zisetyenziswe. Apha ukungafani phakathi kobhedu olunemingxuma kunye neenxalenye zethusi ezibunjwe ngokutsha ziya kuphandwa. Ukuzalisa iipores ngomgubo wobhedu kukwasetyenziswa kuphando kwaye xa kuhlwayelwa kwaye kusongiwe ucingo lobhedu luntywiliselwa kwi-epoxy resin kwaye luthengiswe kwimeko ephilisiwe. Okokugqibela, iipropathi ezininzi zetsimbi malunga nokunyibilika okuninzi kwaye abantu baseCanada baya kuchukunyiswa ukuze ngalo mba uhlale ugxile kwaye siya kukugcina amabinzana abethwe ngakumbi.
Yintoni indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu?
Ubhedu lwaziwa njengesinyithi esisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi. Inendawo yokunyibilika eyi-1,083 °C okanye i-1,982 °F eyinkcukacha ebaluleke kakhulu enxulumene nobhedu olusulungekileyo. Le propati inceda kakhulu kwintsimi ye-metallurgy ngokunceda iindawo zokuhlala ezibandakanya ibakala leenkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukudibanisa nezinye, kunye nokukhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokwenza. Ukuqhubela phambili, siza kujonga izinto ezichaphazela indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu, indawo yokutshintsha kwayo kwi-alloys yayo kunye nendawo yokunyibilika kwezinye iintsimbi ngokunyuka kolandelelwano. Thatha isihlalo njengoko ndisombulula into enomdla kakhulu. Kodwa zilungiselele olu hambo lobugcisa ngokusebenzisa iqondo lobushushu elinyibilikayo lobhedu.
Sazi njani indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu kwi °C?
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yophando lweempawu zobhedu imisela indawo yayo yokunyibilika. Ngenxa yobuninzi bomsebenzi wophando, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iqondo lokunyibilika kobhedu lilingana ne-1,083.0 °C (1,981.4 °F). Izazinzulu nabaphandi basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokulinganisa iqondo lokunyibilika ngokuchanekileyo. Ezi ziquka:
I-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): Esi sixhobo sivumela umlinganiselo wobushushu oyanyaniswa nokunyibilika kwesinyithi okubonisa indawo yokunyibilika kwesinyithi.
Iindlela zokubona: I-Pyesmomerty ye-Optical nayo inokwenzeka apho indawo yokunyibilika yobhedu inokumiselwa ngokubonakala kwemitha yemitha yomzimba omnyama.
I-Thermocouples: Ii-Thermovocouples zisebenza ngokulinganisa ukuguquguquka kwamandla ombane okubangelwa amandla ombane abangelwa kukufudumeza. Ezi zixhobo zingasetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ubushushu ngexesha lokunyibilika kunye neqondo lobushushu apho ubhedu lujika lube lulwelo.
Abaphandi abasebenzisa ezi zixhobo zaselebhu eziphambili ziye zakwazi ukukhomba ukuba ubhedu lunendawo yokunyibilika ngaloo ndlela ivumela ukuhlola okungakumbi kwinto eyenziwa ngulo Cooper phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nezicwangciso.
Kutheni ubhedu olusulungekileyo lunendawo ethile yokunyibilika?
Indlela eyakhiwe ngayo iathom yobhedu imisela njani indawo ekunyibilika kwayo? Indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu olusulungekileyo lumiselwa ikakhulu bubume bayo beathom kunye namandla asebenza phakathi kweeathom zayo. Ke, xa amandla obushushu afunekayo enikezelwa kwiiathom zobhedu kwindawo yokunyibilika, iyawoyisa amandla e-interatomic, ngaloo ndlela ibangela ukuba iCopper eqinileyo inyibilike ibe yiCopper engamanzi. Izinto ezinegalelo kweyona ndawo inyibilikisayo yobhedu zichazwe kwezo ndawo zilandelayo:
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwendawo yokunyibilika kunye nolwakhiwo lweatom: Ubhedu luneFCC okanye icubic structure egxile kubuso edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyibilikeni kwayo kubushushu nakwindawo yokunyibilika kwayo.
Indima ye-Interatomic Forces: Ibhondi yesinyithi kunye neeathom zobhedu yomelele ngokumandla ngenxa yee-elektroni ezisuswe endaweni ezisasazwe kuyo yonke i-crystal lattice. Le ndlela yokudibanisa ibangela amandla adibeneyo abamba kunye iiathom zobhedu kwisiqina sesinyithi.
Imeko yamandla: Kwinqanaba lokunyibilika kwee-athomu ze-Cu, amandla anikezelweyo aphezulu kunemikhosi edibeneyo ukuze i-interatomic bonding iphulwe kwaye iguquke ibe yinqanaba le-liquid.
Eyona ndawo yokunyibilika kobhedu olusulungekileyo ichaphazeleka kwezi zinto kwaye kubikwa ukuba malunga ne-1084.62 degrees Celsius (1984.32 degrees Fahrenheit). Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugxininisa iimpawu zeendawo zokunyibilika kobhedu kuba ubukho bobumdaka obahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezidityanisiweyo zibonakala zinefuthe kuzo ezibonisa imfuno yobhedu olusulungekileyo kwizicelo ezininzi.
Ukuthelekisa indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu kwezinye iintsimbi
Ndiyinzululwazi yezixhobo, ngoko ke ndiye ndachitha inzame enkulu yokumisela iindawo ezinyibilikayo zesinyithi ezininzi, kuquka nobhedu. Xa uvavanya indawo yokuncibilika kobhedu ngokuchasene nezinye izinyithi, ukubunjwa kunye nokucoceka kwezinto ezinkulu kunye ezincinci ngaphakathi kwesinyithi kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Uphando lwam lubonisa ukuba ubhedu lunendawo yokunyibilika engaphantsi kuneentsimbi ezifana ne-tungsten emalunga ne-3422 degrees Centigrade. Ngokuchaseneyo nelothe, indawo yokunyibilika emalunga ne-621 degrees Fahrenheit yobhedu inendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu emalunga ne-327 degrees celcius. Olu thelekiso lubonisa ngokucacileyo uluhlu lwamanqaku okunyibilika aphethwe zisinyithi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwezinye iinkqubo zoshishino.
Izinto zichaphazela njani indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu?
Las aleaciones, condiciones de temperatura elevada y el medio ambiente tienen gran influencia respecto al cambio de temperatura en la fusión del cobre. Por ejemplo, el cobre con aleación de otros elementos puede tener un punto de fusión más bajo o más alto dependiendo de la composición específica de la aleación. Las condiciones del medio también impactan en el punto de fusión del cobre, como el aumento de presión o la presencia de impurezas. Por ultimo, el ambiente también influye sobre el temperatura de fusión del cobre, como el caso de estar expuesto al oxígeno oa sustancias corrosivas. La comprensión de estas condiciones es importante para diferentes usos industriales y para obtener las condiciones de fusión del cobre en forma más adecuada.
Impembelelo ye-alloying kubushushu bokunyibilika kobhedu
Izinto ezidibanisayo zichaphazela kakhulu ukushisa okunyibilikayo kobhedu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubhedu oludityaniswe nezinye iintsimbi luya kuba nendawo yokunyibilika eyahlukileyo kunobhedu ngokwalo. Ingaba loo ngongoma iphezulu okanye iphantsi iya kuxhomekeka kwi-alloy ethile. Ngokomzekelo, ngelixa i-zinc yehlisa indawo yokunyibilika, i-nickel okanye i-aluminiyam iyayiphakamisa. I-alloys yobhedu inokuba neendawo ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilika kwaye olu phawu lubalulekile kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini ngaphandle kokuchaphazela iinkqubo zemveliso kunye nemveliso yokugqibela. Ukwazi umphumo we-alloying kwiqondo lokushisa lokunyibilika kobhedu kubalulekile ekumiseni iiparamitha eziyimfuneko eziza kuvumela inkqubo yokunyibilika ngempumelelo.
Nangona kunjalo kuxhomekeke kwiintsimbi ezongeziweyo kubhedu, indawo yokunyibilika iyatshintsha. Nto leyo kule meko ithetha i iintsimbi zidibene kunye kwi-alloy. Ekubeni i-melting point itshintsha ngokusekelwe kwizongezo ezisetyenzisiweyo, imizobo yesigaba se-alloys yobhedu ibalulekile kuba iquka ulwazi olufana nokushisa kwe-alloying enomdla. Ngokufunda le mizobo yesigaba, a ingxubevange yobhedu inokuyilwa nendawo elindelekileyo yokunyibilika, evumela iinjineli kunye nee-metallurgists ukuba zenze iipropati ezifunwayo kunye nokuziphatha kwee-alloys kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.
Inyaniso yokuba ukwandisa umzobo wesigaba sobhedu kunye ne-alloys ayixhomekeke kuphela kwi-constituent ye-alloy inokusekwa nakweli nqanaba. Indawo ephakamileyo yokunyibilika kobhedu inokubangelwa uxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye ukuqaliswa kweegesi ezinyibilikayo. I-aerospace kunye ne-alloys yaselwandle inokugqwala kwaye iphantsi kokutshintsha kobushushu obunyibilikayo obusuka kwi-oxygen okanye olunye ulwelo. Ezi parameters kufuneka zibalwe xa ukhetha iimeko zokunyibilikisa i-alloy yobhedu.
Ukuqukumbela, kucacile ukuba xa ubhedu lombane ludityanisiwe umzekelo ngesilivere okanye ezinye iintsimbi, lunokutshintsha ubushushu bokunyibilika kobhedu. Ukuguqulwa kwejometri yesicelo, indawo yokunyibilika kwe-alloy, kunye neemeko ezijikeleze into efana neqondo lokushisa, uxinzelelo lwe-barometric kunye nokufuma zizinto ezibalulekileyo. Ukuba nombulelo onolwazi ngayo nayiphi na kwezi parameters kubaluleke kakhulu kwimisetyenzana eyahlukeneyo yefektri kunye neenkqubo kwaye kukwabonisa kakuhle ukuqhubela phambili kweemveliso zobhedu kunye nokuqhubela phambili ubugcisa bokunyibilikisa nokuziphosa.
Indima yeemeko eziphezulu zokushisa kwi-copper melting
Ukunyibilikisa ubhedu kunokuba mnandi okanye yinkqubo edinayo, umsebenzi, kodwa kusafuna ubukho bamaqondo obushushu aphezulu ajikeleze ubhedu. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunzima kangako ukucinga ukunyibilikisa ubhedu ubushushu kufuneka bufikelele kwi-1083 degrees esengqiqweni kubantu abaninzi. Ke ngoko, xa iyunithi yobhedu ifikelela kobu bushushu bukhethekileyo, iya kusuka kwisimo sayo esiqinileyo ukuya kwimeko engamanzi, enokuthi ke isetyenziselwe imisebenzi emininzi yeshishini.
Ukunyibilikisa iyunithi yobhedu ngumsebenzi olula kodwa, kukho ukubamba kukho iinkcukacha ezithile ekufuneka kuhlangatyezwane nazo ukuze ufumane loo mveliso ifunwayo:
Ubushushu: Ngoku iqondo lobushushu lidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuguquleni imeko yobhedu ukusuka kokuqinileyo ukuya kulwelo kwaye ke ngoko iqondo lobushushu elifunekayo kwinguqu enjalo lingaphezulu kwendawo yokunyibilika kobhedu.
Umthombo wobushushu: Umthombo wobushushu onjengeziko okanye iziko kufuneka usetyenziswe ukugcina ubushushu obufunwa lubhedu ukuze bunyibilike ngokufanelekileyo.
Ixesha: Ngoku ixesha lidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yokunyibilika, ixesha elisetyenziswa ngexesha lobushushu obuphezulu limisela ukuba kugqitywe kangakanani na ukunyibilika.
I-Crucible Material: Izinto zegraphite kunye neekeramics ziyakwazi ukuphila kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu ngaphandle kokudala naluphi na ukuzinikela okanye ukusebenzisana nobhedu olutyhidiweyo kwaye ngoko ke kunceda inkqubo ukuba ibe yinto enhle.
Inkalo yokukhusela indalo ibandakanya inkqubo yokunyibilika kobhedu. Kuyabonakala nangona kunjalo ukuba kwezinye iimeko, ukuvelisa umoya onyibilikayo wegesi engasebenziyo (i-nitrogen okanye i-argon ngokomzekelo) kunokuba luncedo.
Sesikuthethile konke oku, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba umsebenzi wokunyibilikisa ubhedu unemingcipheko ethile ebandakanyekayo ekungafanelanga ukuba ingahoywa kwaye kukho izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ezenzelwe ukwenza imisebenzi enjalo. Ke ngoko, ukukhangela uncedo lweengcali kucetyiswa ngamandla phambi kokuba kuqaliswe inkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu ekhaya okanye kwenye indawo.
Imiba yokusingqongileyo echaphazela ubushushu bokunyibilika kobhedu
Imiba emininzi yokusingqongileyo ichaphazela inkqubo yokunyibilikisa ubhedu kwaye yiyo loo nto ichaphazela ubushushu bayo bokunyibilika. Ezi ziquka:
Iimeko ze-Atmospheric: Ukuba ubhedu luvezwe kwi-oksijini ye-atmospheric ngexesha lokunyibilika, lufumana i-oxidized. Njengomlinganiselo wokuchasana, kuqoqosho ukusebenzisa umoya okhuselayo, yithi igesi ye-inert efana ne-nitrogen okanye i-argon.
Umthombo wobushushu: Uhlobo lomthombo wobushushu (umbane, irhasi, njl. njl.) kunye nokuqina kwayo kuchaphazela ubushushu bokunyibilika kobhedu. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe umthombo wobushushu okhethwe ngokufanelekileyo oya kunceda ekufezekiseni ubushushu obufunekayo bokunyibilika kobhedu.
Ukungcoliswa: Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba ukushisa okunyibilikayo kobhedu kuchaphazeleka ngokungcola okukhoyo kwisinyithi. Kukho ubushushu obuqinisekileyo bokunyibilika kobhedu olusulungekileyo kodwa ukuba kukho ukungcola okuxutyiweyo ubushushu buya kwahluka. Ke ngoko, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukucoceka kobhedu ukuze lunyibilike kwiziphumo ezinqwenelekayo.
Ukuqwalasela le miba yokusingqongileyo, kuya kwenzeka ukuba inyibilikise ubhedu ekhaya ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo. Nangona kunjalo, qinisekisa ukuba uncedo lobuchwephesha okanye umsebenzi wophando uyenziwa ukuqonda yonke imiba efunekayo phambi kokuba ulwele ukunyibilikisa ubhedu.
Unganyibilikisa njani ubhedu ekhaya?
Ukunyibilika kobhedu ekhaya kunokuba ngumsebenzi onzima. Umntu kufuneka agcine amanyathelo okhuseleko njengento ephambili kubo. Isishwankathelo, ngezantsi ngamanyathelo endlela yokudibanisa imiba yobugcisa kunye nokhuseleko olugxininisiweyo ukugqiba umsebenzi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kakhulu malunga neenkqubo zokhuseleko.
Inyathelo lokuqala kukufumana izixhobo ezifanelekileyo: Iikhrayibhile, iirhawuni, iiglavu zesinyithi, iiglasi okanye imaski yokuwelda, kunye netafile engangenwa bubushushu iya kufuneka ke ngoko qiniseka ukuba unayo.
Okwesibini, xa unyibilika ubhedu, umntu kufuneka alungiselele ubhedu ngokucokisekileyo ngokucoca zonke iintlobo zeendawo ezinokuthi ziphazamise iziphumo zokunyibilika kunye nokusebenza kwayo.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwisixa sobhedu umntu uzimisele ukunyibilika, nokuba yincinci okanye ininzi, kunye nobukhulu bobhedu, kufuneka ukhethe umthombo wokufudumeza. Ingaba isithando somlilo okanye i-propane torch iya kufaneleka.
Okwesithathu, umntu unyibilikisa ubhedu ngokugalela ubushushu obungaguquguqukiyo kodwa obabiwe ngokulinganayo kuyo de ifikelele kubushushu obunyibilika kubo. Umntu kufuneka ahlale ebeke esweni amaqondo obushushu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubhedu alutshisi kakhulu.
Emva koko usebenzisa ngokucophelela i-tongs, uthele ubhedu olutyhidiweyo kwisitya okanye kwi-mold. Sebenzisa ngononophelo ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuchaphaza okanye ukuchitheka okuya kuvela ngenxa yokujonga intsimbi etyhidiweyo enokwenza indawo ibe yingozi.
Siyeke isikhongozeli siphole emva koko susa lonke ubhedu oloqilima emva kokuba luphole ngokupheleleyo.
Khumbula ukuba, ukunyibilikisa ubhedu ekhaya kuyingozi ngandlel’ ithile yaye kuluqheliselo oluhle ukulumka. Kulabo abatsha ekuncibilikeni kobhedu, kucetyiswa ukuba bafumane uncedo lwengcali okanye benze uphando olunzulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunyibilika kobhedu okukhuselekileyo kunye nempumelelo.
Izixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokunyibilika kwesinyithi ekhaya
Ukukhangela izixhobo onokuthi uzenze imfuneko yokunyibilika ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo isinyithi ekhaya kuya kuba yimfuneko. Oku kulandelayo zizinto eziyimfuneko oza kuzifuna ukwenza ukunyibilika kwesinyithi:
I-Crucible: Isikhongozeli esikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu esenziwe ngezinto ezifana negraphite okanye iiseramikhi ezisetyenziselwa ukubamba isinyithi esilulwelo kwinqanaba lokunyibilika.
Isithando somlilo okanye i-Kiln: Eli liziko elakhiwe ngendlela yokuba likwazi ukufikelela kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ayimfuneko ukunyibilikisa isinyithi, kwaye libonelela ngemekobume elawulwayo ukuze isinyithi sifudunyezwe kwindawo yayo yokunyibilika.
I-Crucible Tongs: Ezi ziintambo eziphathwayo ezide ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha ii-crucible ezishushu ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokuchukumisa i-crucible eshushu. Oku kukwavumela ukuhanjiswa kunye nokuthululwa kwesinyithi esityhidiweyo ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo.
Isixhobo soKhuseleko: Kukho umngcipheko omkhulu wokutsha kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokutshiza ngoko ke izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko kufuneka zinxitywe, ezinjengeeglavu ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, iiglasi zokhuseleko kunye nempahla yokhuselo.
I-Flux: Le nto ngokuyinhloko i-compound esetyenziswa kwi-metal smelting ukuze ibophe kunye nezinto ezingafunekiyo kwintsimbi ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukungcola kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Umthombo woBushushu: Itotshi yepropane, iziko elisebenza ngegesi okanye iziko lombane lingasetyenziselwa iiprojekthi zokunyibilikisa izikali ezincinci okanye ezinkulu ngokuxhomekeke kwimfuno yakho.
Khumbula ukuba ukunyibilika kwesinyithi kunokubandakanya ubushushu kunye nezinto ezinobungozi. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuthobela zonke iimfuno kwangaphambili.
Isikhokelo senyathelo ngenyathelo lokunyibilikisa ubhedu ngokukhuselekileyo
Ubhedu olunyibilikisiweyo lunokusetyenziswa ekwenzeni iimveliso ezithile ezifana nezo zenziwe kunye nobucwebe phakathi kwezinye. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhamla kwintsimbi yokunyibilika kufuna ukuba umntu agcine amanyathelo okhuseleko. Nantsi indlela yokunyibilikisa ngokukhuselekileyo iintsimbi zobhedu:
Ukulungiselela: Khangela indawo enomoya owaneleyo okanye eneziko lokunyibilika. Qinisekisa ukuba uwunxibele ngokufanelekileyo umsebenzi, umzekelo, yiba neeglavu, nxiba iiglasi, kwaye unxibe iimpahla ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu.
Khetha ubhedu: Ubhedu olucocekileyo kunye ne-alloys yalo iyahluka ekubeni le yokugqibela ineendawo ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilika ngoko ke kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlobo oluchanekileyo oluya kunceda kwinkqubo yokunyibilika.
Ukucoca ubhedu: Kubalulekile ukucoca ubhedu ngokususa naziphi na izinto ezisebenza njengobumdaka phambi kokuba uqhubeke nokulunyibilikisa. Oku kuya kuthetha ukukhuhla umphezulu ngesanti okanye ngebrashi yocingo.
Amanyathelo okhuseleko: Ukunyibilika kwesinyithi kuza kunye neseti yayo yokhuseleko lokhuseleko kumlilo, ukuphatha izinto ezinobungozi, kunye nokukhetha icandelo lokufudumeza elichanekileyo ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuthobela ezi zikhokelo.
Indlela yokufudumeza: Ukuba usebenza kwiprojekthi enkulu cinga ukusebenzisa iziko elisebenza ngegesi, itotshi yepropane, okanye esombane. Kodwa qinisekisa ukuba isifudumezi sinokuvelisa ubushushu obaneleyo ukuze isinyithi sinyibilike.
Inkqubo yokunyibilika: Okokuqala, faka ubhedu ngaphakathi kwesitya esinyibilikayo okanye i-crucible. Kancinci, qala ukuyifudumeza ngomthombo owuthandayo wobushushu. Kulo lonke eli nyathelo, jonga ngononophelo iqondo lokushisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto / ml azigqithisi kwaye zihlala ngaphakathi koluhlu olukhuselekileyo lokunyibilika.
Ukugalelwa kobhedu olutyhidiweyo: Emva kokuba kuqalisiwe ukunyibilika, hambisa isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kwisikhephe esinqwenelekayo nesimiselwe kwangaphambili okanye isitya. Ebudeni boku kugalelwa, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo enkulu ukuze kungabikho ukutshizwa kobhedu olunyibilikisiweyo Ngaphaya koko, musa ukuphazamisa olu bhedu lude luphole ngokupheleleyo lube nokumila.
Okokugqibela, hlala ukhumbula ukuba yinkqubo enobungozi yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ekhaya, Kunyanzelekile ukuqonda iingozi ezibandakanyekayo kunye nendlela yokunciphisa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngexesha lenkqubo.
Izilumkiso zokhuseleko xa kunyibilikiswa isinyithi ekhaya
Ngokombono wengcali ejongene nokunyibilika kwesinyithi, ndinqwenela ukutsalela ingqalelo kumanyathelo okhuseleko ekufuneka athathwe xa kusingathwa iintsimbi ezinyibilikisiweyo kwindawo yokuhlala. Nazi ezinye izilumkiso zokhuseleko wonke umsebenzi wesinyithi kufuneka azithathele ingqalelo:
Ukusetyenziswa Kwesinxibo Esifanelekileyo: Umntu kufuneka ahlale exhobile ngesinxibo esifanelekileyo esiquka iiglavu ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, ukhuseleko lwamehlo kunye nefaskoti ukuphepha nawaphi na amathuba okutsha okanye ukuchaphazeka.
Ukuhamba komoya okufanelekileyo: Ukunyibilika kwesinyithi akufuneki kuqhutywe kuyo nayiphi na imeko ethintelweyo eyosulelekileyo. Ziqhelanise ne-fume hood okanye isithuba esibanzi esinokuhamba komoya kakuhle ukuthintela naziphi na iziphumo ezinokuba yingozi zokuphefumla.
Ukuthintela Umlilo: Yiba nemiyalelo ecacileyo ngendlela yokusebenzisa isicima-mlilo uze ube kufutshane naso xa kukho imeko kaxakeka. Kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezingatshiyo okanye izithuba ngeli lixa izinto ezinyibilikayo kukho ukuncipha okubonakalayo kumathuba omlilo obungalindelekanga.
Ukuhamba ngononophelo xa ugalela iintsimbi ezinyibilikisiweyo: Xa ugalela isinyithi soloko usebenzisa izixhobo okanye izikhongozeli ezifanele isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kwaye uqinisekise xa usenza iintshukumo ezichanekileyo ziqeshwa ukuphepha ukutsha kunye nawo nawaphi na amathuba okuzenzakalisa.
Izixhobo ezichanekileyo kunye neNgqwalasela: Yiba nazo zonke izixhobo ezifanelekileyo eziza kuvumela ukunyibilika kweentsimbi ezifana ne-crucible kunye nomthombo wentsimbi. Iintsimbi ezinyibilikayo kufuneka zihlale zibekwe esweni ukwenzela ukhuseleko njengoko kuyingozi ukushiya umsebenzi ungajongwanga.
Xa kufikwa kwindawo yokunyibilika kwe Alloys zobhedu malunga nobhedu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kuhlale kucetyiswa ukuba ubhekisele kwimithombo yangoku kunye nethembekileyo.
Yintoni indawo yokunyibilika yealloyi yobhedu xa ithelekiswa nobhedu olusulungekileyo?
Die Schmelzpunkt von Kupferlegierungen hängt vom genauen geprägten Legierung ab. Kupferlegierungen werden aus der Mischung von Kupfer mit anderen Elementen und diese haben sicherlich ein unterschiedliches Schmelzpunkt als Kufer Legierung. Die Verbindung anderer Metalle verändert die atomare Struktur, die die Schmelzpunkte beeinflusst. Ngelixa kukho oovimba beenkcukacha ezithile eziluncedo eziqulathe amaqondo obushushu okunyibilika kwezona zinto ziqhelekileyo, kuqikelelo olulungileyo, kungcono ukukhangela amaphepha athile engxubevange.
Ii-alloys zobhedu ezahlukeneyo kunye neendawo zazo zokunyibilika
Ukubunjwa kwee-alloys zethusi kugqiba indawo yabo yokunyibilika kunye nezinye iiparitha. Ngobhedu olucocekileyo, indawo yokuncibilika iphezulu kuneye-alloy yobhedu, eyenziwa ngokuxuba ubhedu kunye nezinye izinyithi. Oku kungenxa yokuba kukho ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo se-athomu ngenxa yokongezwa kweentsimbi ezahlukeneyo kwaye ekubeni amandla adibeneyo aguqulwa ngoko ke indawo yokunyibilika kwesinyithi. Ukufumana ulwazi malunga namanqaku okuncibilika kwee-alloys zethusi kunokwenziwa ngokubonisana nogcino-lwazi kunye namaxwebhu ahambelanayo ahambelana neentlobo ezithile ze-alloys.
Amanqaku okunyibilika kufuneka athathelwe ingqalelo xa usebenzisa i-alloys ezahlukeneyo zobhedu ekubeni zinqume indawo yesicelo enokusetyenziswa. Ulwazi oluluncedo malunga ne-avareji yamanqaku okunyibilika kwezona zinto zikhethwa ngokuqhelekileyo iialloyi zobhedu zezi zilandelayo:
Ubhedu: Kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni okukhethekileyo, ubhedu, i-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-zinc, inobushushu obunyibilikayo obusuka kwi-900 ukuya kwi-940 degrees Celsius.
Ubhedu: Ubhedu, ingxubevange yobhedu nenkcenkce, kwakunye nezinye iintsimbi, inomlinganiselo wobushushu obunyibilikayo obungama-950 ukuya kwi-1,100 ngokukaCelsius okanye i-1742 ukuya kutsho ku-2012 ngokukaFahrenheit.
I-Cupronickel: Ukuba yi-alloy ye-copper-nickel, i-melting point of cupronickel iyahluka kunye nepesenti ye-nickel kwi-alloy. Iqondo lokunyibilika linokuba malunga ne-1,200 ukuya kwi-1,300 degrees Kelvin.
I-Copper-Tungsten: I-alloys ye-Copper-tungsten isetyenziselwa umbane ophezulu kunye ne-thermal conductivity, kwaye indawo yabo yokunyibilika imalunga ne-1,470 ukuya kwi-1500 degrees Kelvin.
Ngoku la manqaku okunyibilika apha ngasentla kufuneka athathwe ngononophelo kuba anokutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo ezithile ze-alloy. Ngalo lonke ixesha khumbula, ukufumanisa indawo yokunyibilika kweealloyi zobhedu, imithombo eyahlukeneyo okanye amaxwebhu engxubevange kufuneka asetyenziselwe ukuqinisekiswa.
Kutheni iialloyi zobhedu zineendawo ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilika?
Zeziphi izizathu zokuthi kwandiswe okanye kuncitshiswe iindawo eziNyibilikayo zobhedu? I-alloys yobhedu ineendawo ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilika ngenxa yokwahluka kokubunjwa kwazo okusisiseko. Umzekelo, ukuquka i-alloying efana ne-nickel, i-tungsten okanye nayiphi na enye isinyithi iguqula ukulungelelaniswa kwekristale yealloyi yobhedu kunye nokudibanisa okuye kunyuse okanye kuthobe indawo yokunyibilika. Nganye yezinto ezahlukeneyo kwi-alloy inokutshintsha ulungelelwaniso lwe-athomu, itshintshe isakhiwo se-lattice kunye ne-interatomic force enokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha yokunyibilika. Ubungakanani beeathom, ukuphinda kusebenze (okanye i-electronegativity) yee-athom, kunye nenani elilinganayo lezinto ezidibanisayo zizinto ezikwachaza ukuba kutheni kukho ngaphezu kwendawo enye yokunyibilika yealloyi yobhedu.
Ngokumalunga ne-alloys zethusi ezikhankanywe ngaphambili, ixabiso le-melting point lilandela emva kwexabiso elithile, ixabiso eliphawulweyo kwi-alloy nganye yobhedu liyahluka. Ngolwazi oluqinisekisiweyo noluqinisekisiweyo malunga nokunyibilika kweengcaphuno zengxubevange yobhedu, kungcono ukukhangela ngeengcaphuno ezithembekileyo, ishishini eliqhelekileyo, okanye ukucaphula ngealloyi ethile yobhedu.
Ngoku makhe siqwalasele iimpawu zeendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kwe-alloys zethusi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwazo, thelekisa indawo yokuncibilika kobhedu lwentsimbi kunye nentsimbi, kwaye siphande ukuba kutheni phakathi kweentsimbi eziqhelekileyo eyokuqala ineyona ndawo iphantsi yokunyibilika kwaye eyesibini iphezulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kweendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kobhedu
Ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezithile kunye namandla, i-alloys yobhedu ephezulu yokunyibilika sele isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini amaninzi. Makhe sihlolisise ukubaluleka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi alloys kumashishini ahlukeneyo:
Amashishini oMbane kunye ne-Electronic: Phakathi kwee-alloys zethusi ezincibilikayo eziphezulu, i-CuCrZr kunye ne-CuNiBe zithandwa kakhulu kwintsimi ebanzi ye-electronics kunye nobunjineli bombane apho kufuneka khona i-conductivity ephezulu, ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokuqina. Ezi ziya kuba ziziqhagamshelo zombane, izixhobo zokutshitsha, izitshixo zekhefu lesekethe, kunye nezixhobo zoqhagamshelwano zombane.
I-aerospace kunye noKhuseleko: I-alloys yobhedu ephezulu yokunyibilika inamandla abalaseleyo kunye nozinzo lwe-thermal kwaye iyaxhathisa kwizinto ezininzi eziphazamisayo kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo e-aerospace kunye nokhuselo. Ii-alloys ezinjalo zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ze-injini, i-heater exchangers, i-rocket nozzles kunye ne-missile parts.
I-Welding kunye ne-brazing: I-alloys ye-Copper eneendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika ezifana ne-CuZr kunye ne-CuCr, zisetyenziselwa ukufakwa kwe-welding kunye ne-brazing applications. Ezi alloys zinika ukumelana nokushisa okulungileyo kwaye zikwazi ukumelana nokushisa okukhulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa iimpawu zabo zomatshini, okwenza ukuba zilungele ukujoyina izicelo eziphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu.
I-Mold kunye ne-Die Casting: I-CuCo2Be kunye ne-CuNiSiCr yimizekelo yeendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kwe-alloys zethusi ezihlala zifumaneka kwi-die and mold casting applications. Ezi alloys zine-conductivity efanelekileyo ye-thermal, ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kokunxiba, kunye nokuzinza okulungileyo kwe-thermal okuvumela ukuntsonkotha okuphezulu kunye nomgangatho owenziweyo.
Ubume bobushushu obuphezulu: I-alloys ye-Copper-nickel eneendawo ezibalulekileyo zokunyibilika zisetyenziselwa izicelo eziphezulu zokushisa ezifana neengxenye zesithando somlilo kunye nokushisa ukushisa kunye ne-thermocouples. Ezi alloys zichasene nokushisa okuphezulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa iimpawu zabo zomatshini, ukuncedisa izicelo ezininzi ezinokushisa okukhulu.
Ukufumana indawo echanekileyo yokunyibilika, i-thermal conductivity, i-mechanical kunye nezinye iiparameters ezimbalwa ze-alloy, kuyimfuneko ukubhekisela kwimigangatho yoshishino olufanelekileyo kunye namaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Iiparamitha kunye namanqaku edatha anokwahluka ukusuka kwelinye i-alloy ukuya kwelinye ngenxa yeemfuno ezichanekileyo zesicelo.
Zeziphi iintsimbi ezidumileyo ezineendawo zokunyibilika ezahlukeneyo?
El punto de fusión de los metales oscila, lo que entre otros aspectos determina su aplicabilidad. I-Estos son algunos de los aspectos que isiphumo esifanelekileyo:
El Cobre: Comparativamente, el cobre tiene el punto de fusión más bajo que la mayoría de los metales, situándose en torno a los 1 083 grados centígrados (1 982 grados Fahrenheit). Debido a su gran capacidad de conducción de calor y electricidad, es útil en multiples industrias, como las cables eléctricos, las tuberías y los intercambios de calor.
I-El Acero: I-Por el contrario el acero presenta in punto de fusión más alto que el cobre, en general estas en Estas en special son de 1,370 to 1,540 grados Celsius (2,498 a 2,804 grados Fahrenheit). Dado que el acero funde a temperaturas más altas, resulta útil en la construcción, fabricación de automóviles y maquinarias.
Para el caso de aplicaciones específicas y que son industriales, conocer la temperatura de fusión de los metales es un aspecto esencial ya que permite escoger adecuadamente el material.
Ukuthelekisa iindawo zokunyibilika kwesinyithi: Ubhedu vs. Steel
Ehlabathini leentsimbi, kumphezulu, umzobo weendawo ezinyibilikayo ubonisa imeko apho umphakamo oqhutyelwe phambili yiCopper kunye neNsimbi bohluka kakhulu. Isinyithi esisetyenziswa kakhulu kuwo wonke amashishini sinendawo yokunyibilika esezantsi emalunga ne-1,083 degrees celsius okanye ukuyibeka ngokwahlukileyo, malunga ne-1,982 degrees Fahrenheit. Le propati kunye nesakhono sobhedu esimangalisayo sokuqhuba zombini ubushushu kunye nombane yenza ubhedu luxabiseke kakhulu kwiintambo zombane, kwiinkqubo zemibhobho yamanzi kunye nezitshintshisi zobushushu phakathi kwezinye iimveliso ezinobhedu.
Xa ithelekiswa neCopper, iSsimbi ibonakala ngathi yomelela ngakumbi kwindawo yokunyibilika. Indawo yokunyibilika yentsimbi ephakathi koluhlu lwe-2,498 degrees ukuya kwi-2,804 degrees Fahrenheit (okanye i-1,370 ukuya kwi-1,540 degrees Celsius) imiselwe ubukhulu becala ngokubunjwa kwe-alloy yayo. Iqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika elinjalo livumela intsimbi ukuba inyamezele amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngoko ke intsimbi ingasetyenziswa ekwakhiweni, iimoto, oomatshini kunye nezinye izinto ezifuna izinto ezinokuhamba kwiimeko ezinzima.
Ukubamba iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilika kwesinyithi kubalulekile ekukhetheni imathiriyeli efanelekileyo kusetyenziso oluthile lwemizi-mveliso. Ukongezelela, indawo ephantsi yokuncibilika kobhedu ivumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwiinkqubo ezidinga ukuhanjiswa okukhulu kwe-thermal kunye nombane, ngelixa i-high melting point yensimbi yenza ukuba ikwazi ukumelana neendawo ezigqithiseleyo apho izinto eziqinileyo eziyimfuneko ziyimfuneko. Ngelixa ukuthatha le miba kwi-akhawunti amashishini anokwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo xa ukhetha isinyithi esifanelekileyo ngeenjongo zabo.
Ukuqonda eyona ndawo iphantsi yokunyibilika phakathi kweentsimbi eziqhelekileyo
Ukuba ngumsebenzi we-metallurgy, ndiyakwazi ukucacisa ukuba kutheni phakathi kweentsimbi eziqhelekileyo; eyona ndawo isezantsi yokunyibilika ibaluleke kakhulu. Indawo yokunyibilika yesinyithi ibalulekile, ukulawula ukuziphatha kwaloo ntsimbi ethile phantsi kobushushu kwaye ngaloo ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Xa kuthethwa ngesinyithi esisetyenziswa kakhulu, umntu unokubona ubhedu lunendawo yokunyibilika esezantsi emalunga ne-1,083 degrees celcius (1,981 degrees Fahrenheit). Lo mgangatho wenza ukuba ubhedu lube lulungele ukusetyenziswa apho kufuneka i-thermal ephezulu kunye ne-conductivity yombane. Iqondo eliphantsi lokunyibilika likwachaza ukuba kutheni ubhedu lusetyenziselwa ukwenza iingcingo zombane, ukutshintshiselana ngobushushu, imibhobho yamanzi kunye nezinye iinkqubo.
Ngoku, ukukunika ulwazi oluchanekileyo noluthembekileyo, ndikhangele ngokweenkcukacha imithombo emithathu ephezulu kwi-google.com. Phakathi kwale mithombo kwakukho amaphepha aziwayo afana neejenali ezingophando lwesinyithi, iimagazini zeshishini kunye namanye amaziko emfundo awaziwayo. Injongo yokusebenzisa imathiriyeli ethathwe kule mithombo ingasentla kukuqinisekisa ukuba uyiqonda kakuhle imiba ekhoyo kunye nokuqinisekisa idatha enikiweyo ngaphakathi kwamaphepha.
Ukubaluleka kweyona ndawo iphezulu yokunyibilika kwizicelo zamashishini
Indawo yokunyibilika kwezinto inempembelelo kwimimandla yokusetyenziswa kwayo xa ifika ekusebenziseni kwayo kwishishini. Izinyithi ezineendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika zisebenza ngcono kwimeko yamandla, uzinzo kunye neempawu zamandla obushushu. Lo mgangatho ubaluleke kakhulu xa ujongana nemathiriyeli yemizi-mveliso kuba ke ezi zixhobo ziya kukwazi ukwenza nakumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla okanye ukusebenza kwazo.
Umzekelo kwizicelo ze-aerospace, kukho ukukhethwa kwezixhobo zeendawo zokunyibilika eziphezulu kwiincakuba zeiinjini yomoya kunye nokuphuma kuba ezo blawudi zeinjini yomoya kunye nokuphuma kungangenwa bubushushu obuninzi. Ubushushu bangaphakathi obuveliswa kukutsha buya kuba phezulu; ke ngoko, ezi mathiriyeli aziyi kukhubazeka kwaye zinyibilike.
Kwi-metallurgy, izinto ezinyibilikayo eziphezulu zifumana izicelo kwiilayini zamaziko, ii-crucibles kunye ne-molds for casting metal. Ezi zixhobo kufuneka zibe namandla okuthwala ubushushu obufunekayo ukunyibilika kunye nokuphosa isinyithi.
Ugxininiso kufuneka lube kulwazi lobugcisa bezinto zokushisa okuphezulu kubandakanya indawo yokunyibilika, amandla okushisa, ukwanda kobushushu kunye namandla.
Ezi mpawu zivumela izinto ukuba zimelane noxinzelelo lwe-thermal, zihlale zizinzile ngokwejometri, kwaye ziqhube okanye zichase ubushushu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso.
Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo kunye neqondo eliphezulu lokunyibilika kuphucula ukusebenza, ubomi benkonzo kunye nokhuseleko ngexesha lokusebenza kwezicelo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino. Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukubhekisela kwizinto ezinzulu zobugcisa kunye nokuqokelela ulwazi olwaneleyo malunga nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye neenkqubo ezenzelwe ukusebenza kumaqondo aphezulu.
Ucaphulo
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (FAQ)
Umbuzo: Yintoni indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu?
A: Indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu olusulungekileyo malunga ne-1,984 ° F (1,085 ° C) kuxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric.
Umbuzo: Ubushushu obunyibilikayo bengxubevange yobhedu buthelekiswa njani nobhedu olusulungekileyo?
A: Iqondo lokushisa lokunyibilika kwe-alloy yobhedu liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwi-alloy composition, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo liphantsi kunobhedu olusulungekileyo ngenxa yokongezwa kwezinye iintsimbi ezinendawo yokunyibilika esezantsi.
Umbuzo: Kutheni kubalulekile ukwazi iqondo lokunyibilika kwesinyithi?
IMPENDULO: Ulwazi lwamaqondo obushushu anyibilikayo lubalulekile kusetyenziso lwesinyithi kunye nokuveliswa, njengoko lunceda ekumiseleni ubushushu obufunekayo ukunyibilikisa ubhedu kunye nezinye iintsimbi zokuyila okanye ukwenza iinkqubo.
Umbuzo: Ziziphi iimpawu zobhedu ezinxulumene nendawo yokunyibilika kwayo?
A: I-Copper inendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika, i-thermal egqwesileyo kunye ne-conductivity yombane, kunye nokuchasana kakuhle kwe-corrosion, okwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo kwi-wiring yombane kunye nemibhobho yamanzi.
Umbuzo: Yintoni indawo yokunyibilika kobhedu, i-alloy yobhedu eqhelekileyo?
A: Indawo yokunyibilika yobhedu, eyi-alloy ye-copper-zinc, isuka kwi-1,650 ° F ukuya kwi-1,720 ° F (900 ° C ukuya ku-940 ° C), ingaphantsi kunobhedu olusulungekileyo ngenxa yeqondo eliphantsi lokunyibilika kwe-zinc.
Umbuzo: Uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric luchaphazela njani indawo yokunyibilika kwesinyithi?
A: Uxinzelelo lwe-atmosfere lunokuba nefuthe kwindawo yokunyibilika kwesinyithi kancinane, kodwa ngenxa yeenjongo ezininzi, amaqondo okunyibilika eentsimbi eziqhelekileyo alinganiselwa kuxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lweatmosfere.
Umbuzo: Yintoni intsingiselo yobhedu olunendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu?
A: Indawo yokunyibilika kweCopper ivumela ukuba imelane nobushushu obuphezulu ngaphandle kokunyibilika, iyenze ilungele izicelo ezifuna ukuqina phantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu.
Umbuzo: Ingaba indawo yokunyibilika yesinyithi eqhelekileyo ithelekiswa njani nobhedu?
A: Indawo yokunyibilika kweentsimbi eziqhelekileyo iyahluka, kunye nezinye zinendawo ephantsi yokuncibilika kunobhedu, njengelothe kunye ne-aluminium, ngelixa ezinye ezifana nentsimbi kunye ne-nickel zineendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika.
Umbuzo: Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi ukuba ufuna ukunyibilikisa ubhedu lube ngumbumba?
A: Ukuba ufuna ukunyibilikisa i-copper ibe ngumbumba, kufuneka uyifudumeze ukuya kwindawo yayo yokunyibilika kwe-1,984 ° F (1,085 ° C) kwaye uyigcine kule bushushu ukuqinisekisa ukunyibilika okupheleleyo ngaphambi kokuyigalela kwi-mold.
Umbuzo: Kutheni umntu enokukhetha ukusebenzisa ubhedu nangona inyibilika ephezulu?
A: Omnye unokukhetha ukusebenzisa ubhedu ngenxa yokuba, nangona indawo yayo ephezulu yokunyibilika, inika i-conductivity ephezulu, eyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa kombane kunye ne-thermal.
