Akukho mntu ungazange weva ngentsimbi, njengoko ifumaneka kwiziseko ezingundoqo, izithuthi, izixhobo zombane, kwanezixhobo zokusebenza. Ukuyibeka ngokwemigaqo ye-layman, intsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo i-alloy yentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni nangona kukho uluhlu lweendibaniso ezinokwenzeka zezinye izinto ezinokufumaneka kwintsimbi. Injongo yale bhulogi kukubonisa ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kweentsimbi zensimbi - iipropati zabo, izicelo ezingabizi kakhulu, kunye neenzuzo. Ugxininiso olunzulu luya kujoliswa kwiintlobo zealloyi zentsimbi ezibandakanya intsimbi engatyiwa, intsimbi yekhabhoni, kunye nentsimbi yesixhobo echaza iindidi zazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Esi sikhokelo, njengoko kucetywayo, siya kubonelela ngolwazi olusisiseko oluqondakalayo kubantu abathetha isiNgesi abasebenza kushishino, abafundi, okanye abanomdla nje kulo mmandla malunga nemathiriyeli eguquguqukayo neyomeleleyo ngokugqithisileyo ebizwa ngokuba yintsimbi.
Yintoni Eyahlukileyo Iintlobo zeNtsimbi Ialloys?
Imbali yentsimbi yekhabhoni
Iziphumo zemfazwe zakhokelela ekusungulweni kwe-carbon steel. Ngokwembali yenye yezona zimbiwa zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi yekhabhoni kunokubonwa kwiYiputa yamandulo. Izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zenziwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi. Kwakhona benza iibhloko zokwakha ngeentsimbi. Kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kwi-metallurgy carbon steel yathandwa kakhulu. Umxholo wekhabhoni kwintsimbi uhambelana kakuhle nombono oqhelekileyo njengoko usetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiifektri ezenza izixhobo okanye ezinye izakhiwo ezisetyenziselwa ukusika.
Chonga Iindidi zentsimbi yeAlloy
Igama elithi 'ingxubevange' lithetha ukudibanisa okanye ukudibanisa. Intsimbi ye-alloy yenziwa ngokudibanisa izinto ezifana nechromium, nickel, molybdenum, kunye ne-vanadium kumxube wentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni. Ezi zinto zongezelelweyo zongeza iipropathi ezithile zentsimbi njengamandla ayo, ukuqina, ukuqina, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye nokudleka. Iintsimbi ze-alloy zikwahlulahlulwe ngakumbi kwiintsimbi ze-alloy ezikhandiweyo kunye ne-cast cast alloy steels ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo okanye ukubunjwa kwazo. Ngokomzekelo, iintsimbi eziphantsi kwe-alloy ziqulethe ukuya kwiipesenti ezisibhozo ze-alloying elements kwaye zisetyenziswa xa amandla aphezulu kune-carbon steel efunekayo ngelixa i-alloy high-alloy steels ezifana nensimbi engenasici iqulethe ixabiso elibalulekileyo lezinto ezixutywayo zokunyusa ukubola. Iintsimbi ezinjalo zisetyenziselwa amashishini ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-automotive and aerospace components ukuya kwizinto zokwakha kunye nezixhobo.
Ukubaluleka kwentsimbi engatyiwayo kwiLizwe lanamhlanje
Ngokwenza ukugqwesa, ixabiso lobuhle kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, ukuxhathisa ukubola okufakwe kuyo, insimbi engenasici yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezicelo zanamhlanje. Oku kunokusetyenziswa kwaye kusetyenziswe kushishino lolwakhiwo, lweemoto, lwe-aeronautics kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo phakathi kwezinye. Into eyongeziweyo 'ichromium' kwintsimbi engatyiwayo ivelisa umaleko wokudlula, ongavumeli umhlwa, ocacisa ukuba kutheni inokumelana noxinzelelo olungaka. Kungenxa yezo zizathu ukuba izixhobo zasekhitshini, izixhobo zotyando, kunye nezixhobo zesakhiwo ezenziwe nge-stainless zigcina ukusetyenziswa kwazo okusebenzayo kunye nenkangeleko ekhangayo ixesha elide.
Ndingenza njani Izinto zengxubevange Cha phazela steel Iipropati?
Isiphumo seChromium kuNcitshi
Ngokubonelela ngomaleko obhityileyo, ozinzileyo weoksidi phezu kwentsimbi ekhanyayo, ichromium ibonelela ngesinyithi esinomgangatho ophezulu ofanayo wokomelela kwaye yonyusa ukuxhathisa ukudleka kwayo. Lo maleko obhityileyo weoksidi usebenza njengekhaka elikhusela i-oxidation eyongezelelweyo ebangela umhlwa, naphantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Ubuncinci bepesenti yesiqulatho sechromium enokusetyenziswa ukubonisa iimpawu ezomeleleyo zokuchasa ukudleka kwindawo ethile kufutshane ne-10.5%, umgangatho wentsimbi engatyiwa.
Indlela iNickel ephucula ngayo ukuQina kunye neZakhono zeDuctility
Ukufakwa kwe-nickel kuphakamisa ubunzima kunye ne-ductility kwintsimbi ngokuzinzisa kwesakhiwo se-austenite crystal kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukubunjwa kwayo kuya kuba mnandi ngakumbi ngelixa kuncitshiswa ukunyanzeliswa. Oku kwandisa amandla entsimbi ukufunxa zombini amandla ekinetic kunye noxinzelelo ngokwandisa amandla ayo empembelelo. Ukufakwa kwe-nickel kukwanceda ekudibaniseni kunye nokwandisa amandla nakwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-subzero, kungoko kuyenza ilungele izicelo ezifuna ubulukhuni kunye nokuguquguquka.
IiPropati zoomatshini eziNxulumene neNtsebenziswano yeMolybdenum
Insimbi esetyenziswa kumacandelo aphezulu oxinzelelo olunjengemibhobho ibonakaliswe kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo kwiinkqubo zabo zokusebenza. Kule nkalo, ukwandiswa koluhlu olusebenzayo lwentsimbi lufezekiswa, ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwayo ngama-adders afana ne-molybdenum, ekhokelela ekwandeni kobunzima bayo, amandla, kunye nokugqoka ukuchasana. I-Molybdenum, ukongeza, izinzile ukwakheka komzimba kunye neekhemikhali zezinto eziphantsi kwemfuno ephezulu yokumelana nobushushu. I-Molybdenum ikwanciphisa ubuqhophololo ngelixa iphucula amandla entsimbi kunye nokuqina, kungoko iqinisekisa ukuba intsimbi iyasebenza kwaye iyakwazi ukumelana neemeko ezinzima.
Iyintoni Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zentsimbi ye-Alloy?
Intshayelelo emfutshane kwi-Low-Alloy Steel
Insimbi ye-alloy ephantsi ixutywe kunye nenye okanye ezimbini izinto zokulawula kwinani elincinci kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo lingaphantsi kweepesenti ezimbini. Uya kufumana ngokuqhelekileyo iCowbalt, iMolybdenum, kunye neChromium kolu hlobo lwentsimbi. Xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi yekhabhoni, ezi zintsimbi zenzelwe ukuba ziphucule iimpawu zomatshini kumandla, ukuqina, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-corrosion. Banenkcazelo enkulu yomatshini kangangokuba basetyenziselwa ukuyila ulwakhiwo, umatshini, kunye namalungu esithuthi njengoko iindleko zikwanokuthetheleleka.
Iimpawu zeSixhobo sentsimbi
Ukwenziwa kwesixhobo, umgangatho ophezulu wekhabhoni uyaxatyiswa kwaye isixhobo sentsimbi yintsimbi equlethe i-alloy ekwenzeni kwayo. Insimbi enjalo inzima kwaye igcina i-cut cut ebukhali kwaye iyaziwa ngeempawu zayo zokumelana ne-abrasion, i-Frost, (1994). Isixhobo sensimbi siqulethe inani elaneleyo le-tungsten, i-molybdenum, i-vanadium kunye ne-chromium enceda ukuphucula ukuqina kunye namandla phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza. Isixhobo sensimbi sinokusetyenziswa kwizicelo apho ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye namandla afunekayo kwizixhobo zokusika, ukufa, kunye nezinto zokubumba.
Ukusetyenziswa kweepleyiti zensimbi ezingenasici, iintonga, iibhubhu kunye neekhoyili.
Ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwesa okungaqhelekanga kunye namandla amangalisayo kunye nokwakheka, iipleyiti zensimbi ezingenasici, iintonga, iityhubhu kunye neekhoyili zifumana iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa kumashishini amaninzi. Amaphepha entsimbi angenasici zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwakhiweni kweenqanawa, ulwakhiwo kunye nezinye iiprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo apho uzinzo lwesakhiwo luyinkalo ebalulekileyo. Iintonga zentsimbi zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iziqhoboshi, isakhelo, kunye nezinye iindawo zokwenziwa komatshini. Imibhobho yentsimbi engenasici zininzi zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwimizi-mveliso yeemoto, i-aerospace kunye nemibhobho kwiinkqubo zokuthutha ulwelo, iikhoyili kwimveliso yezixhobo zombane, iinkqubo zeHVAC kunye neshishini lokutya. Izicelo ezinjalo ziqinisekisa ukuguquguquka kunye nokuthembeka kweemveliso zensimbi ezingenasici kumashishini abalulekileyo.
Ukuchaza i-High-Carbon Steel kunye nezicelo zayo
I-high-carbon steel, njengoko igama layo libonisa, inomgangatho ophezulu wekhabhoni, ukusuka kwi-0.6% ukuya kwi-1.4%, eguqulela kumandla amakhulu kunye nobunzima xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zetsimbi. Olu hlobo lwentsimbi lunokufumaneka kwizixhobo zokusika, izithombo kunye neengcingo eziphezulu zamandla kuba zinzima kakhulu kwaye ziphantsi kakhulu. Xa kuthelekiswa neentsimbi zekhabhoni ezisezantsi, iintsimbi eziphezulu zekhabhoni zinokuba brittle kwaye ngoko ke zingasebenzi kakhulu kwizinto eziguquguqukayo kunye neempembelelo ezixhathisayo.
Ungayikhetha njani eyiyo Ibakala lesinyithi Ngeemfuno Zakho?
Ukukhethwa kweNsimbi kunye noMxholo weCarbon
Ekugqibeleni, umxholo wekhabhoni kunye nebakala liya kuchazwa ngokuhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi kwisakhiwo sekhonkrithi. Ngokubhekiselele kwintsimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni (ukuya kwi-0.3% yekhabhoni), olu hlobo luphethe i-ductility kunye nokulula kwe-welding kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza iipaneli, ezifana nezakhiwo kunye nezithuthi. Intsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni (0.3% -0.6% carbon) inokuhlanganiswa okungcono kwamandla kunye ne-ductility ukuba isetyenziswe kwiigesi kunye neeshafts. I-high-carbon steel (0.6% -1.4% carbon) ibonakaliswe ngamandla amakhulu kunye nokuqina okwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo yokusika izixhobo kunye nemithombo. Xa uchaza ibakala lentsimbi, qwalasela iimpawu zomatshini ezibalulekileyo kuyilo lwakho.
Ukusetyenziswa kweePropati zeNtsimbi ye-alloy eyahlukeneyo
Ukulungelelaniswa kubalulekile xa ukhetha i-alloy yentsimbi kwiimfuno zakho. Jonga i-tensile efunekayo yesicelo, i-weld kunye noxinzelelo lwe-thermal, kunye nokuqina kokuqina kwentsimbi. Izinyithi ezinemanganese kunye nechromium ziyakwazi ukumelana nomhlwa kwaye zinokusetyenziswa kwimichiza kunye nemo engqongileyo yaselwandle. IManganese kunye nesilicon zongezwa ukunika amandla kunye nokuqina kulwakhiwo kunye nezinto zemoto. Cinga izinto ze-alloy nganye kwindawo ethile yokusetyenziswa kunye nokumelana noxinzelelo ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembeka okuphezulu kunye nokuqina.
Ukuphonononga ukuwelda kunye nokuchaneka
Ngelixa uvavanya ibakala lentsimbi ene-weldability elungileyo kunye ne-machinability, kubalulekile ukwazi iinkcukacha zeprojekthi eyenziwayo. Ukunciphisa i-carbon content of steels, ezifana ne-carbon steels ephantsi, kulula ukuba i-weld kunye nentsimbi yomatshini, ngaloo ndlela ibenze bafaneleke ukwakhiwa kunye neenjongo zokuvelisa ngokubanzi. Ukuba imisebenzi iqhutyelwa ngeenjongo zokuchaneka kwe-machining okanye kwiimeko ze-welding eyinkimbinkimbi, kuya kuba kuhle ukuqwalasela amabakala ensimbi ye-alloy ephantsi njengoko ingcono kwi-machinability kodwa ayichaphazeli ingqibelelo yesakhiwo. Hlalani nikhumbula iimfuno ezilindelekileyo zonyango olongezelelweyo, ukushisa kule meko, ukufezekisa iimpawu zokusebenza ezifunwayo kwinxalenye yentsimbi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa lula kokwenziwa.
Kutheni Isinyithi seCarbon kunye ne-Steel Alloys Ukhetho oludumileyo kwiShishini?
Iimpawu eziphambili zeNsimbi: Ukuqina kunye namandla
Ishishini lokwakha lisebenzisa kakhulu i-carbon steel kunye ne-alloys yensimbi eyahlukeneyo njengoko ezi zixhobo zibonisa amandla amakhulu kunye nokuqina. Ukukwazi kwabo ukumelana nemithwalo eninzi kunye nokuxhathisa ukuguga kwenza ukuba zisetyenziswe kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezicela umngeni. Ngaphezu koko, ezi mathiriyeli zibhetyebhetye ngokwemigaqo yokwakheka kunye nokusetyenzwa kwazo kwaye zinokulungelelaniswa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zemizi-mveliso. Ngenxa yolu tshintsho, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi ngokwentelekiso, imfuno yentsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi iphezulu kumashishini okwakha, eemoto, nakwelemveliso.
Usetyenziso kunye noBuchule boQoqosho beCarbon Steel
Intsimbi yeCarbon yaziwa ngoqoqosho kunye namandla ayo kuba inika ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokusebenza kunye namaxabiso. Intsimbi yekhabhoni yeyona ndlela ingabizi kakhulu kwiintsimbi ezininzi kwaye ingena ngokugqibeleleyo kwiiprojekthi ezijolise kwimveliso. Ukuguquguquka kwentsimbi yekhabhoni kwenza ukuba isebenziseke kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo yesakhiwo ukuya kwiindawo ezinomatshini onzima. Ukuguquguquka okunjalo kwenza kube lula ukuguqula i-carbon steel ukwenzela ukuba iya kuhambelana neemfuno zeeprojekthi ezithile kwaye ngexesha elifanayo lezoqoqosho, ngoko ke ukuthandwa kwayo kuluhlu olubanzi lwamacandelo oshishino.
Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo yokuSetyenziswa kweAlloys zentsimbi
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alloys yensimbi kuza kunye neendleko zokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi, zombini iingenelo kunye nokungonakali. Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezingeloncedo, ii-alloys zensimbi zenziwe ngeenkqubo ezifuna amandla amaninzi kwaye zikhuphe isixa esikhulu sekhabhoni kunye nezinye izinto, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi yemithombo yendalo. Kwaye kwelinye icala, ii-alloys zensimbi zisebenza kakuhle ukuphinda zisetyenziswe, kwaye ngenxa yobuninzi bemveliso yensimbi, akufuneki ukuba iguqulwe rhoqo. Ukongeza, utshintsho kwiindidi zeenkqubo zemveliso lukwangumba njengoko amashishini amaninzi ezama ukuza neenkqubo eziphantsi zokukhutshwa kwezinto. Ingqwalasela enjalo ichaza ukuba kutheni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yealloys yentsimbi iyintlu-mbini, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye igxininisa imfuneko yococeko, ubugcisa obunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo ukuba buphunyezwe ngokukhawuleza kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oshishino.
Imithombo yolwazi
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ScienceDirect- I-alloy Steel Overview
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (FAQs)
Umbuzo: Ungathini malunga namabakala ahlukeneyo ensimbi ye-alloy? Ziziphi ezo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo?
A: Iintsimbi ezininzi ze-alloy ziza kumabakala amathathu: i-alloy ephantsi, i-high-streyth, kunye nentsimbi engenasici. La mabanga aneempawu ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bekhabhoni kunye nezinto ezinje njengechromium, nickel, okanye imolybdenum efakwe kwintsimbi.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-alloys yentsimbi?
A: Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwialloy steels ziquka ichromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, kunye netitanium ukukhankanya ezimbalwa. Nganye kwezi zimbiwa zinempembelelo enenzuzo kwiimpawu ezithile zengxubevange, kuquka amandla ayo, ukuqina, kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nokudleka.
Umbuzo: Ungathini malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni?
A: Ikhabhoni iyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuhleleni intsimbi, ngokukodwa ekunqumeni iimpawu zayo. Ngesizathu sakhe, i-carbon steels ephantsi i-ductile kwaye i-weldable, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi njengoko umxholo wekhabhoni ukhula - kwiintsimbi eziphezulu zekhabhoni - kwandisa amandla ayo, ukuqina, kunye neempawu ze-ductile. Ukudibanisa kwekhabhoni kunye ne-alloys ivelisa uluhlu olubanzi lweentsimbi ze-alloys ezibonakaliswe yimpawu ezahlukeneyo.
Umbuzo: Kuthiwani ukuba yi-alloy, yintoni inkcazo yayo ngokubanzi kwaye ihluke njani kwintsimbi ecocekileyo?
A: Kuthiwa i-alloy yintsimbi edityaniswe nezinye izinto ukwenzela ukuba izinto zangaphakathi zentsimbi zibe ngcono kakhulu. Iintsimbi ezicocekileyo, ngaphandle kwe-alloys, azinakuba namandla afanayo, ukuqina, okanye iipropathi ezixhathisa ukubola njengentsimbi yealloyi kuba izinto ezixutywayo zizo eziphucula ubume besinyithi.
Umbuzo: Yiyiphi indlela yokwahlula eyaziswa yi-American Iron and Steel Institute kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi ye-alloy?
A: Iintsimbi ze-alloy ziye zahlelwa yi-American Iron kunye ne-Steel Institute ngokuhambelana nezixhobo zabo kunye neepropati. Ukwahlula okunjalo kwenza kube lula ukucacisa izicelo kunye neenzuzo zendawo nganye yebakala lensimbi ye-alloy.
Umbuzo: Kutheni usebenzisa intsimbi engatyiwa kunye nalapho isetyenziswa khona?
A: Intsimbi estainless ikakhulu iqulathe ichromium kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, nickel enika amandla amahle kakhulu kunye nokumelana nomhlwa. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-tableware, izixhobo zonyango, ukwakhiwa, amashishini eemoto ngenxa yamandla ayo kunye nokubukeka.
Umbuzo: Ndingalufumana phi ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi okanye amabakala azo?
A: Ukuze ufumane ingcaciso engaphezulu malunga neenkcukacha zezinto zentsimbi, amabakala, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwezinye izicelo, siyakumema ukuba uqhagamshelane nathi okanye ubhekiselele kulwazi olukhoyo kwi-American Iron and Steel Institute okanye eminye imibutho enjalo.
