Ungawelda intsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304 ukuya kuma-316. Zombini zii-austenitic 300-series grades ezineempawu ezifanayo zoomatshini, kwaye zidibana ngokulula ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo. Isigqibo sokwenyani kumsebenzi we-304 vs 316 welding yintsimbi yokuzalisa: sebenzisa i-ER308L kwi-304, i-ER316L kwi-316, kunye ne-ER316L (okanye i-ER309LMo) kwi-joint engama-304 ukuya kuma-316, kuba i-weld kufuneka ihambelane nokumelana nokugqwala okwakhethwa isiseko sayo.
Welding 304 nge-ER308L kunye ne-316 nge-ER316L, kwaye uhlala ukhetha iinguqulelo ze-“L” ezinekhabhoni ephantsi kwinkonzo yokubola. I-molybdenum kwi-316 ngumahluko: i-316 iqulethe i-2-3% ye-molybdenum, i-304 ayinayo, kwaye i-weld eyenziwe nge-filler engalunganga iba yindawo ebuthathaka yokuhlaselwa kwe-chloride.
Loo mthetho ubonakala ulula, kodwa uninzi lokusilela kwe-welding lubuyela umva kwiimpazamo ezimbini ezingaboniswanga yitshathi yokuzalisa. Eyokuqala kukulawula ubushushu: ukushiya i-joint kuluhlu lokuvavanya i-425-870°C ixesha elide kakhulu kuvumela i-chromium carbides ukuba yakheke kwimida yeenkozo kwaye yonakalise ukumelana nokugqwala. Okwesibini kukugqiba: ukutsiba ukukhupha umva okanye ukungasebenzi emva kokuba i-weld itshabalalise umaleko okhuselayo oxhomekeke kuwo.
Cinga ngoMarcus, umnini-venkile owadibanisa ii-handrails ezingama-316 kwiprojekthi yaselunxwemeni nge-filler engama-308 kuba yayingabizi kakhulu kwaye ikwilori. Ii-welds zazibonakala zicocekile. Emva kweenyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo, i-pitting yavela ngqo kwiinzwane ze-weld, apho idiphozithi yayingenayo i-molybdenum.
Umthengi wala ibhetshi, kwaye ukulungiswa kwakhona kubize ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokongiwa kwezalisa. Umgangatho osisiseko wawuchanekile; okusetyenzisiweyo kwakungenjalo.
Esi sikhokelo sibhalelwe abenzi beengcali kunye nabashicileli be-DIY abanobuchule abafuna isizalisi esifanelekileyo, iiparameter, kunye namanyathelo afanelekileyo emva kokushicilela kwi-304 vs 316 stainless steel welding. Sigubungela ukukhethwa kwesizalisi, ukuziva kunye nokubola kwe-weld, ubushushu bokufaka ubushushu kunye nobushushu be-interpass, ukucoca umva, kunye nokudlulisa. Ukuze ufumane imbonakalo ebanzi ye-stainless steel grades, jonga isikhokelo sethu esipheleleyo se-stainless steel.
IItrakthi ezibalulekileyo
- Weld 304 nge-ER308L filler kunye ne-316 nge-ER316L filler; kwi-joint ye-304-to-316, sebenzisa i-ER316L (okanye i-ER309LMo apho ulawulo lokuxutywa lubalulekile).
- Sebenzisa ii-L grades ezinekhabhoni ephantsi (304L, 316L) kunye nezizalisi ze-L nanini na xa i-weld ibona inkonzo yokubola okanye ye-chloride.
- Gcina ubushushu bungena kwi-1.5 kJ/mm okanye ngaphantsi kwaye ubushushu obuphakathi bube ngaphantsi kwe-150°C (100°C ukuze kubekho inkonzo ebalulekileyo) ukuze uphephe ukutsalwa bubushushu.
- Akufuneki ukuba kufudunyezwe i-304 okanye i-316 ngaphandle kwakwiindawo ezixineneyo kakhulu ezimalunga ne-50 mm.
- Umbhobho wokucoca umva kunye neengcambu zetyhubhu zidlula nge-argon, zigcine umbala wobushushu ube sisilivere okanye ingca, kwaye zigqibezele ngokutshiza kunye nokuhambisa.
- Emva kokuwelda, i-316 inenzuzo yokumelana ne-chloride pitting ngaphezu kwe-304 kuphela ukuba idiphozithi yokuwelda ngokwayo ine-molybdenum.
Ngaba Ungayishicilela Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo engama-304 ukuya kuma-316?
Ewe. I-304 kunye ne-316 zombini ziintsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic, kwaye zidityaniswa ngokulula ngeenkqubo ze-TIG, MIG, okanye zokunamathela. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zigaba zimbini zihlala zisondelelene kuthotho lwe-galvanic, akukho mngcipheko wokubola kwe-galvanic obalulekileyo kwindawo edibeneyo xa isebenza ngendlela eqhelekileyo.
Okufuneka ukhethe yintsimbi yokuzalisa. Idiphozithi ye-weld iba yinxalenye yenkqubo yokugqwala, ngoko ke kufuneka ithwale ubuncinci ukumelana nokugqwala njengoko isicelo sifuna. Kwiijoyinti ezininzi ezingama-304 ukuya kuma-316, ukhetho olusebenzayo yi- ER316L , kuba igcina i-molybdenum kwisinyithi se-weld. Ezinye iinjineli zichaza i-ER309LMo xa zifuna ulawulo oluqinileyo lwekhemistri ye-weld exutyiweyo kwinkonzo enzima.
Ngoko ke ukuwelda i-304 ukuya kwi-316 akuyongxaki yesinyithi. Yingxaki yokukhetha izinto ezisetyenziswayo. Ukuze ufumane uthelekiso olubanzi olungasemva kwesi sigqibo, jonga uthelekiso lwethu olupheleleyo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-304 vs 316.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweWelding 304 kunye ne-316?
Ezi greyidi zimbini zidibanisa phantse ngendlela efanayo. Zombini zi-austenitic, zombini zinamandla okutsalwa alinganayo angama-515 MPa (75 ksi), kwaye zombini zamkela iinkqubo ezifanayo kunye nezicwangciso ezifanayo. Umahluko obalulekileyo bubume be-weld oyifakileyo kunye nenkonzo ekufuneka ijoyinti iphile.
Umahluko kwi-molybdenum
I-304 yi-18% ye-chromium kunye ne-8% ye-nickel. I-316 yi-16% ye-chromium, i-10-14% ye-nickel, kunye ne-2-3% ye-molybdenum. I-Molybdenum yiyo enika i-316 ukumelana kwayo okuphezulu kwi-chloride pitting kunye ne-crevice corrosion.
| Element | 304 (UNS S30400) | 316 (UNS S31600) | Kutheni kubalulekile ekudibaniseni |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chromium | 18-20% | 16-18% | Yenza umaleko we-oxide ongasebenziyo omelana nokugqwala. |
| nickel | 8-10.5% | 10-14% | Ixhasa ulwakhiwo lwe-austenitic kunye nokudityaniswa. |
| Molybdenum | nanye | 2-3% | Iphucula ukugawulwa kwe-chloride pitting kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwe-cravice. |
| Ikhabhoni (ubuninzi) | 0.08% | 0.08% | Iqhuba umngcipheko wokuziva ukhululekile ngexesha lokuwelda; ii-L grades ziyayinciphisa. |
Xa udibanisa i-316 ngesithambisi esingenayo i-molybdenum, isinyithi esifakwe kwi-weld sisebenza njenge-304. Kwinkonzo ye-chloride, loo weld iba yindawo yokuqala yokufaka i-pit. Ukudibanisa isithambisi nomgangatho wesiseko kugcina ukusebenza kokugqwala okuchazwe ngumyili.
Indlela amabanga adityaniswe ngayo ngokwahlukileyo
Ngokwendlela esebenzayo, akukho mahluko mkhulu kwindlela i-304 kunye ne-316 eziwelda ngayo. Zombini zinovelwano ngakumbi kubushushu kune-carbon steel kuba i-stainless iqhuba ubushushu malunga nesinye kwisithathu kuphela, malunga ne-15 W/m·K xa kuthelekiswa ne-50 W/m·K kwi-carbon steel. Ubushushu bugxila kwi-joint, bukhulisa indawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu kwaye buphucule ukugqwetheka. Oko kuyinyani kuzo zombini iiklasi, kwaye yingakho ulawulo lobushushu lubaluleke ngaphezu kwegama le-alloy.
304L kunye ne-316L: kutheni i-L ibalulekile ekudibaniseni
Iigreyidi ze-L zinciphisa ikhabhoni ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0.03%, xa kuthelekiswa ne-0.08% kwiigreyidi ezisemgangathweni. Ikhabhoni encinci ithetha ukuba i-chromium carbide incinci xa kudityaniswa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-sensitization ingabi nkulu. Nakuphi na ukwenziwa kwe-welding okuya kubangela inkonzo yokubola, i-304L okanye i-316L yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo. Iifektri ezininzi zibonelela ngezinto eziqinisekisiweyo ezimbini ze-304/304L okanye i-316/316L ezihlangabezana nemida yekhemistri yomibini ngaphandle kwentlawulo.
Ukuze ufumane uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha lweeklasi zekhabhoni ephantsi, bona isikhokelo sethu sentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-304L vs 316L.
Itshathi yoKhetho lweSinyithi sokuFiller se-304 vs 316
Ukukhetha i-filler yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuwelda nge-304 vs 316. Sebenzisa le tshathi njengendawo yokuqala:
| Joint | Isizalisi se-TIG / MIG | Intonga ye-Electrode |
|---|---|---|
| 304 / 304L ngokwayo | I-ER308L | E308L-16 |
| 316 / 316L ngokwayo | I-ER316L | E316L-16 |
| 304 ukuya ku-316 (ezahlukileyo) | I-ER316L (ER309LMo yokulawula ukuxutywa) | E316L-16 |
| Intsimbi engenasici ibe yikhabhoni | I-ER309L / ER309LMo | E309L-16 / E309LMo-16 |
I-ER308L ye-304
I-ER308L sisizalisi esiqhelekileyo se-304 kunye ne-304L. Ithwala i-chromium kunye ne-nickel ephezulu kancinci kunesinyithi esisisiseko ukuze ihlawulele ukunyibilika okuvela kwidama lokuwelda, ngoko ke idiphozithi egqityiweyo ihambelana nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto ezingundoqo. Kwi-304 kwinkonzo yokutya, yobisi, kunye neyokwenza ubhiya, i-E308L-17 lukhetho oluqhelekileyo lwentonga.
I-ER316L ye-316
I-ER316L iqulethe malunga ne-2.5% ye-molybdenum, yiyo loo nto kufuneka isetyenziswe kwi-316 kuyo nayiphi na inkonzo apho ukumelana nokugqwala kubalulekile khona. Ngaphandle kwe-molybdenum kwidiphozithi, isinyithi se-weld asinayo ipropathi echazwe ngayo inqanaba lesiseko. Kwi-MIG, i-ER316LSi yongeza i-silicon ukuze imanzi kwaye inyibilike ngcono.
I-ER316L vs ER309LMo yamalungu ahlukeneyo
Kwijoyinti engama-304 ukuya kwengama-316, i-ER316L lolona khetho lukhankanywa rhoqo kuba igcina i-molybdenum kwi-weld. Ezinye iinjineli zichaza i-ER309LMo, enomxholo ophezulu we-alloy, xa zifuna ukulawula ikhemistri yejoyinti exutywe kakhulu. Nokuba yeyiphi na iyamkeleka kuninzi lwezicelo; qinisekisa ukhetho ngenkqubo efanelekileyo yokuwelda xa ijoyinti ibalulekile.
Ukuwelda intsimbi engenasici kwi-carbon steel
Ukudibanisa intsimbi engatyiwayo nekhabhoni yindlela eyahlukileyo. Sebenzisa i-ER309L (okanye i-ER309LMo kwi-316-to-carbon) ukuvelisa idiphozithi ye-weld efunxa ukunyibilika kumacala omabini ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. I-308 okanye i-316 filler eqhelekileyo ayikhuthazwa kolu tshintsho kuba intsimbi yekhabhoni iyayinyibilikisa i-weld kwaye inokubangela ukuqhekeka. Eli joint livela rhoqo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwemibhobho kunye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, ngoko ke lifaneleka kwisigqibo esifanayo.
Ngaba ufuna uncedo malunga nokuthelekisa izinto kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwiprojekthi yakho? Iqela lethu leengcebiso zobugcisa linokukunceda ulungelelanise umgangatho, isizalisi, kunye nenkqubo neemeko zenkonzo yakho.
Yintoni iSensitization kwaye Kutheni Ibangela Ukubola kweWeld?
Ukubonakalisa ubukhali yeyona nto iphambili ebangela ukugqwala xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwali esemgangathweni (engeyiyo i-L) esetyenziswa njenge-austenitic stainless steel. Ayisiyongxaki yokudityaniswa kwentsimbi, kwaye ayinakulungiswa emva koko. Kufuneka ithintelwe ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwentsimbi.
Indlela yokubonakalisa uvakalelo (425-870°C)
Xa intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic ifudunyezwa ukuya kutsho kumaqondo angama-425-870°C (800-1600°F), ikhabhoni iyasasazeka kwimida yeenkozo kwaye iphendulane ne-chromium ukuze yenze ii-chromium carbides, ikakhulu i-Cr23C6. Ngenxa yokuba ikhabhoni ihamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kune-chromium kwintsimbi, indawo encinci ephelelwe yi-chromium iyenzeka ecaleni komda ngamnye weenkozo.
Xa i-chromium yendawo iwela ngaphantsi kwe-10.5-12%, ifilimu engasebenziyo ayisakwazi ukwakheka apho, kwaye isinyithi siba sesichengeni sokugqwala phakathi kweegranular. Izinga lokuvezwa okuphezulu livela kufutshane ne-650-675°C, apho intsimbi inokuziva kwimizuzu embalwa.
Ukubola kwe-weld kwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu
Ukubola kwe-Weld ligama le-intergranular corrosion ebonakala njengemigca enye okanye emibini ehamba ngaxeshanye ne-weld, iimilimitha ezimbalwa kwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu. I-weld pass ibeka i-temperature gradient kwipleyiti ejikelezileyo. Isinyithi kumgca we-fusion sishushu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ii-carbides azisindi. Kodwa umgama omfutshane ukusuka apho, ubushushu obuphezulu buwela kuluhlu lwe-sensitization kwaye buhlala ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze bukhawulezise ii-carbides ngexesha lokupholisa. Isiphumo kukuba yindlela encinci ye-corrosion ecaleni kwe-weld.
Indlela amabakala e-L athintela ngayo uvakalelo
Ukwehlisa ikhabhoni ukusuka kwi-0.08% ukuya kwi-0.03% kutshintsha kakhulu i-time-temperature-sensitization curve, kwiimeko ezininzi nge-10-100 kubushushu obufanayo. Kukho ikhabhoni encinci ekhoyo yokwenza ii-chromium carbides ngexesha lomjikelo oqhelekileyo wokuwelda. Yiyo loo nto i-304L kunye ne-316L zizinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiipayipi eziweldayo, imithambo yoxinzelelo, kunye nezinto ezenziwe nge-welded eninzi kwinkonzo yokubola.
Xa amabakala aqhelekileyo amkelekile
Imigangatho 304 kunye ne-316 iyamkeleka xa inkonzo ithambile, okusingqongileyo akubolisi, okanye i-weld incinci kwaye ipholiswe ngokukhawuleza ukuze ichithe ixesha elincinci kuluhlu lokuvavanya. Nje ukuba ii-chloride, ii-asidi, okanye ubushushu obuphezulu bungene kumfanekiso, chaza amanqanaba e-L. Ukuze ufumane iipropati zenqanaba elisisiseko emva kolu khetho, bona isikhokelo sethu se-304 stainless steel kunye nesikhokelo se-316 stainless steel.
Iiparamitha zokuWelda ze-304 vs 316: Ubushushu, Ukufakwa kobushushu kunye nobushushu be-Interpass
Ulawulo lobushushu ngumahluko phakathi kwe-weld esindayo kunye ne-weld engaphumeleliyo buthule. Iiparameter ezingezantsi zisebenza kuzo zombini i-304 kunye ne-316.
Iimfuneko zokushisa
Akufuneki ukuba i-heater ibe yi-304 okanye i-316 ngaphandle kwakwiindawo ezixineneyo kakhulu ezimalunga ne-50 mm. Enyanisweni, ukufudumeza intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austenitic akuncedi nganto: kwandisa ixesha elichithwa yile nto kuluhlu lokuvavanya. Ukuba i-preheat isetyenzisiwe kwaphela, yigcine ingaphantsi kwe-150°C kwaye uyiqinisekise ngenkqubo efanelekileyo.
Ulawulo lwegalelo lobushushu
I-EN 1011-3 icebisa ukuba ubushushu obuphezulu bube yi-1.5 kJ/mm kwiinqanaba ze-austenitic kwinkonzo yokugqwala. Ngaphezulu kwe-2.5 kJ/mm, umngcipheko wokuziva uphezulu unyuka kakhulu.
Sebenzisa iintsimbi eziqinileyo endaweni yeentambo ezibanzi, kuba ukuluka kunyusa ubushushu kwaye kwandisa indawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu. Nciphisa inani leentambo, kuba ukuphinda kufudunyezwe indawo yangaphambili yokuwelda kongeza ixesha elingakumbi kuluhlu lokuvavanya.
Ubushushu obuphakathi
Gcina ubushushu be-interpass bungaphantsi kwe-150°C, nangaphantsi kwe-100°C ukuze kusetyenziswe ukugqwala okubalulekileyo. Ubushushu obuphezulu be-interpass bugcina indawo eshushu ishushu ixesha elide, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ixesha lihambelane nobushushu kwiindawo ezininzi ezidibanayo. Linganisa nge-contact pyrometer okanye ii-temperature sticks ubuncinci i-25 mm ukusuka kwi-weld.
| ye parameter | 304 | 316 | Isikhokelo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preheat | Akufuneki (ngaphandle kwamacandelo angaphezu kwama-50 mm) | Akufuneki (ngaphandle kwamacandelo angaphezu kwama-50 mm) | Ungaze ube ngaphezu kwe-150°C |
| Igalelo lobushushu | ≤1.5 kJ/mm kwinkonzo yokugqwala | ≤1.5 kJ/mm kwinkonzo yokugqwala | ≥2.5 kJ/mm yingozi ephezulu |
| Ubushushu obuphakathi | ≤150°C (i-100°C ebalulekileyo) | ≤150°C (i-100°C ebalulekileyo) | >250°C kuyingozi enkulu |
| Ubuchule bentsimbi | Iintsimbi eziqinileyo | Iintsimbi eziqinileyo | Kuphephe ukuluka okubanzi |
La maxabiso ngamanqaku okuqala. I-qualified welding procedure specification (WPS), ngokwe-ASME Section IX, kufuneka ilawule imveliso ye-welding.
Iinkqubo zokuWelda ze-304 kunye ne-316
Zonke iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni zisebenza kuzo zombini iiklasi. Ukhetho luxhomekeke kubukhulu, indawo, kunye nomthamo wemveliso.
TIG (GTAW)
I-TIG ikhethwa kakhulu kwi-stainless engaphantsi kwe-1/4 intshi kwaye kwi-thin-wall pipe kunye ne-tube. Sebenzisa i-DCEN polarity, i-100% argon shielding kwi-15-20 CFH, kunye ne-2% tungsten lanthanated grain ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. I-TIG inika ulawulo lobushushu oluchanekileyo kunye neentsimbi ezicocekileyo nezilawulekayo, ezibalulekileyo kwinkonzo yokugqwala.
I-MIG (GMAW)
I-MIG ifanele iindawo ezityebileyo kunye neendlela zokuvelisa. Igesi yokukhusela ene-helium eninzi, efana ne-90% helium, i-7.5% argon, kunye ne-2.5% CO2, ixhaphakile, njengoko kunjalo ne-98% argon, i-2% CO2. I-pulsed MIG inciphisa ubushushu kwaye ifanelekile kwi-stainless stainless.
Intonga (SMAW)
Ukuwelda ngenduku kusetyenziselwa ukulungisa intsimi apho igesi yokukhusela ingasebenzi khona. Tshatisa i-electrode nesinyithi esisisiseko, kwaye ugcine ubude be-arc bufutshane ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqokelelwa kwe-nitrogen kunye nokuqhekeka kwayo.
Itheyibhile yezicwangciso ze-TIG zabaqalayo
| Ubunzima bezinto | Tungsten | Ububanzi bokugcwalisa | I-Amperage (TIG) | Ukuhamba kwegesi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/16 ″ (1.6 mm) | 1 / 16 " | 1 / 16 " | 40-80 A. | 15-20 CFH |
| 1/8 ″ (3.2 mm) | 3 / 32 " | 1/16 ″ okanye 3/32 ″ | 80-130 A. | 15-20 CFH |
| 1/4 ″ (6.4 mm) | 3 / 32 " | 3 / 32 " | 130-180 A. | 20 CFH |
UAisha, umenzi wezinto ofunda i-TIG kwiphepha le-304, wafumanisa ukuba ii-welds zakhe zijike zaba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuba wayezilungisa njani ii-amperage. Ukulungiswa kwakungekuko useto. Yayisisantya sokuhamba: wayehamba kancinci kakhulu, nto leyo eyayigcina ichibi lishushu kwaye ishiya i-weld kwindawo eshushu.
Akuba enyuse isantya sokuhamba waza wagcina i-arc emfutshane, iintsimbi zaphuma ngesilivere kwaye i-porosity yanyamalala. Ukufakwa kobushushu kuxhomekeke ekubeni uhamba ngesantya esingakanani, kungekuphela nje kwisetingi yedayali.
Ukucoca Umqolo kunye noLawulo lweTint yoBushushu
Ukucoca umqolo wepayipi kunye netyhubhu
Kwipayipi edibeneyo kunye netyhubhu eyenziwe nge-304 vs 316 eya kuthi idibane ne-corrosive media, ukucoca umva nge-argon kuyimfuneko. Ngaphandle kwayo, icala leengcambu liyanyibilika, imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-"sugaring," kwaye i-oxidation itshabalalisa ukumelana nokugqwala ngendlela yokuba i-pickling ingakwazi ukuyibuyisela ngokupheleleyo. Hlanza malunga ne-10-15 CFH de inqanaba le-oksijini ngaphakathi liyehla ngaphantsi kwe-100 ppm ngaphambi kokuwelda i-root pass. Ukuze ufumane okungakumbi malunga nokukhetha ipayipi kunye netyhubhu, bona isikhokelo sethu sepayipi yentsimbi engagqwali ye-304 vs 316 , kunye nokubonelela kunye neenkcukacha zepayipi kunye netyhubhu edibeneyo, bona iimveliso zethu zepayipi yentsimbi engagqwali.
Isikhokelo sombala wombala wobushushu
Umbala we-weld ukuxelela ukuba ingakanani i-oxidation eyenzekileyo. Isikali esingezantsi yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuyigweba.
| umbala | U vavanyo |
|---|---|
| isilivere | Ifanelekile; i-oxidation encinci |
| Ingca / igolide ekhanyayo | Yamkelekile kwiinkonzo ezininzi |
| Luhlaza | Umda; ukumelana nokugqwala kuncitshisiwe |
| Mfusa / mnyama | Akwamkelekanga kwinkonzo yokugqwala |
Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye omfusa onzima uthetha ukuba i-weld ibishushu kakhulu ixesha elide kwaye umaleko we-chromium oxide uphelile. Susa umbala ngomatshini okanye ngokuwugalela, kwaye uqinisekise umphezulu ngovavanyo olwamkelekileyo apho inkonzo ifuna khona.
Ukususa umbala wobushushu
Susa umbala wobushushu ngokucoca ngoomatshini okanye ngokufaka i-pickling. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kuphela xa kugaywa. Ibrashi yentsimbi yekhabhoni ifaka amasuntswana esinyithi kumphezulu, kwaye loo masuntswana ayagqwala, nto leyo evelisa imicu yomhlwa edla ngokuchongwa gwenxa njengokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-alloy. Yenza amavili okugaywa, iibrashi, kunye neefayile zibe zezo zingasebenzi xa kugaywa kuphela.
Unyango Emva Kokushintshwa: Ukuqhotsa kunye Nokuthambisa
Kutheni ukungabi namdla kubalulekile
Ukuwelda kutshabalalisa umaleko we-chromium oxide onika i-stainless oxide ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo. Ukudlulisa isinyithi, okwenziwa ngokwe-ASTM A380 okanye i-A967, kususa isinyithi esikhululekileyo kumphezulu kwaye kuvumela ifilimu ye-oxide etyebileyo kwi-chromium ukuba itshintshe. Kwinkonzo ye-chloride engama-316, kufuneka ukucola okulandelwa kukudlulisa isinyithi.
Ukukhahlela ngokuchasene nokungakhathali
I-Pickling isebenzisa umxube we-nitric-hydrofluoric acid ukususa isikali se-weld, umbala wobushushu, kunye nomaleko omncinci wesinyithi esingcolisiweyo. I-Passivation isebenzisa i-nitric okanye i-citric acid ukususa i-free iron kunye nokukhuthaza ifilimu ye-oxide. Kwinkonzo ye-corrosive edibeneyo kakhulu, ulandelelwano ludla ngokuba yi-pickle kuqala, emva koko i-passivate.
Ixabiso lokuyitsiba
Ukusilela akwenzeki ngokukhawuleza. Umenzi wolwandle ococa ii-welds ezingama-316 ngebrashi ye-carbon-steel wabona imicu yomhlwa ivela kwiiveki ezimbalwa; intsimbi efakwe ngaphakathi, hayi i-alloy, yayibola. I-weld ngokwayo yayilungile. Isifundo kukuba imeko yomphezulu emva kokuwelda yinxalenye yomgangatho wokuwelda, ayisiyongcinga yamva nje.
Iziphene Eziqhelekileyo Zokuwelda kunye Nendlela Yokuzilungisa
| Ugqibelele | Isizathu | Hlela |
|---|---|---|
| Ukubonakalisa ubukrelekrele/ukubola kwe-weld | Ixesha elininzi kakhulu kwi-425-870°C | Sebenzisa ii-L grades, lawula ubushushu kunye ne-interpass |
| Ukuqhekeka okushushu | Umxholo weFerrite uphantsi kakhulu okanye uphezulu kakhulu | Gcina i-ferrite kuluhlu lwe-3-10 FN, fanisa i-filler |
| Umsa | Ungcoliseko, ukugutyungelwa kakubi kwegesi | Coca isiseko sesinyithi, jonga isikhuselo, gcina i-arc imfutshane |
| Ukufaka iswekile (i-oxidation yeengcambu) | Akukho kucoca umqolo kwipayipi/kwityhubhu | Ukucoca nge-back-purge nge-argon ukuya kwi-oksijini engaphantsi kwe-100 ppm |
| Uphazanyiso | Ubushushu obugqithisileyo, ukungalawuleki kakuhle | Ukufaka ubushushu obuphantsi, ukubambelela okuqinileyo, ukulandelelana |
| Imicu yerhasi kwii-welds | Ungcoliseko lwebrashi yentsimbi yekhabhoni | Sebenzisa izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kuphela xa zingenasici, ungasebenzisi sixhobo emva kokuwelda |
Ukuqhekeka okushushu kufanele kukhankanywe ngokukodwa. Izizalisi ze-Austenitic ezifana ne-308 kunye ne-316 zenzelwe ukushiya inani elilawulwayo le-ferrite eseleyo, ngesiqhelo inani le-ferrite eli-3-10, kwidiphozithi. Loo ferrite ithintela ukuqhekeka okushushu ngexesha lokuqina. Izizalisi ze-austenitic ezipheleleyo ezifana ne-347 okanye i-312 zifuna unonophelo olukhethekileyo kuba azinalo olu phawu lokhuseleko lwe-ferrite.
Ukukhetha Phakathi kwe-304 kunye ne-316 yokwenziwa kweWelded
Ukukhetha uhlobo kunye nokukhethwa kwesithako sokuzalisa ziyahambelana. Inkonzo yokugqwala kufuneka iqhube zombini.
Ixesha lokusebenzisa i-304 / 304L
Sebenzisa i-304 okanye i-304L xa ukuvezwa kwe-chloride kuphantsi: amanzi acocekileyo, ukulungiswa kokutya ngokubanzi, umsebenzi wokwakha ngaphakathi, i-HVAC, kunye nezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zoshishino. Kwezi ndawo, ii-welds ezingama-304 zinika ubomi benkonzo obufunekayo ngexabiso eliphantsi lezinto. Ukuze ufumane ukufumaneka kunye neenkcukacha, bona iimveliso zethu zentsimbi engagqwali ezingama-304.
Ixesha lokusebenzisa i-316 / 316L
Sebenzisa i-316 okanye i-316L xa kukho ii-chloride, amanzi olwandle, i-brine, i-de-icing salts, okanye iikhemikhali ezirhabaxa. Ezi ziquka ukwenziwa kolwandle nolwandle, ukucubungula iikhemikhali, iinkqubo zamanzi ezisebenzisa amayeza kunye nococeko oluphezulu, kunye nezixhobo zokutya neziselo ezivezwe kwiikhemikhali zokucoca ezinetyuwa okanye ezine-chloride. Kwezi ndawo, i-304 idibanisa imigodi kwaye ingasebenzi kakuhle ngaphambi kwe-316. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha kunye nokufumaneka, bona iimveliso zethu zentsimbi engagqwali ezingama-316.
Vumela inkonzo yokugqwala iqhube umgangatho
Kwimibhobho emininzi yenkqubo entsha kwizityalo zeekhemikhali kunye ne-petrochemical, i-316L yeyona imiselweyo kuba inkonzo yokubola edityanisiweyo ifuna ukumelana nokugrumba emva kokugrumba. I-304L igcinelwe ukusetyenziswa apho ukuvezwa kwe-chloride kuncinci. Xa imeko ilula, ukucacisa i-316 kunyusa iindleko ngaphandle kokuphucula iziphumo; xa kukho ii-chloride, ukucacisa i-304 kudala umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwangaphambi kwexesha. Ukuze ufumane umxholo weshishini lokutya, jonga isikhokelo sethu sentsimbi engagqwaliyo yomgangatho wokutya.
Imeko yokuphinda usebenze kwakhona engumzekelo
Iqela likaNoor lenze i-skid yokudlulisa iikhemikhali kwi-304L ene-308L filler kuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweprojekthi lwaluncinci. I-skid yayiphatha umsinga wenkqubo onomxholo we-chloride omncinci kubushushu obuqhelekileyo, kwaye kunyaka wokuqala yasebenza ngaphandle kwengxaki. Emva koko utshintsho lwenkqubo yasehlotyeni lwaphakamisa ubushushu obungaphezulu kwama-60°C, lukhawulezisa ukuqhekeka kwe-chloride kwiindawo ezichaphazelekileyo bubushushu.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, ii-welds ezininzi zaqala ukuqhekeka, kwaye i-skid yafuna ukuphinda i-weld kwi-316L. Ukuphuculwa kwezinto kuxabisa ngaphantsi kweeveki ezimbini zokungasebenzi okubangelwe kukulungiswa kwakhona. Esi sifundo sisebenza kuyo yonke into eyenziwe nge-welded: umgangatho wokulinganisa, isizalisi, kunye nolawulo lobushushu kwinkonzo yokwenyani, kubandakanya nendlela loo nkonzo enokutshintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo: Ukuwelda kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304 vs 316
Yeyiphi intonga yokuzalisa oyisebenzisayo kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304?
Sebenzisa i-ER308L kwi-TIG okanye kwi-MIG, okanye i-E308L-16 kwi-stick welding. Uhlobo lwe-L luyathandwa kuba i-carbon ephantsi inciphisa umngcipheko wokuziva ngexesha lokuwelda.
Yeyiphi intonga yokuzalisa oyisebenzisayo kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-316?
Sebenzisa i-ER316L kwi-TIG okanye kwi-MIG, okanye i-E316L-16 kwi-stick. I-filler kufuneka ibe ne-molybdenum ukuze ihambelane nokumelana ne-chloride ye-base grade.
Ungayisebenzisa i-316 filler kwi-304 stainless stainless?
Ewe. I-ER316L isebenza kuzo zombini iintsimbi ezisisiseko ezingama-304 kunye nama-316, kuba isizali se-alloy ephezulu siyahambelana nazo zombini. I-reverse, esebenzisa isizali se-308 kwi-316 kwinkonzo yokubola, ayikhuthazwa kuba i-weld ayinayo i-molybdenum.
Ngaba kunzima ukuwelda i-316 kune-304?
Hayi. Ezi zigaba zimbini zidityaniswa phantse ngendlela efanayo. Umahluko osebenzayo kukukhethwa kwezalisa kunye nesidingo sokugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-316 kwindawo yokugcina.
Ngaba kufuneka ufudumale intsimbi engagqwaliyo ngaphambi kokuba uyidibanise?
Hayi, hayi kwi -304 okanye kwi-316 ngaphandle kwakwiindawo ezixineneyo kakhulu ezimalunga ne-50 mm. Ubushushu obungaphezulu kwe-150°C buyingozi kuba buyandisa ixesha kuluhlu lokubonakalisa ubushushu.
Kutheni intsimbi engagqwali igqwala emva kokuwelda?
Ngokwesiqhelo yenye yezizathu ezintathu: ukuvaleka kwesikhumba kwindawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu, ungcoliseko lwebrashi ye-carbon-steel, okanye umbala wobushushu ongasuswanga. Zonke ezi zintathu zinokuthintelwa ngenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nonyango emva kokuwelda.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwentonga yokuwelda ye-308 kunye ne-316?
I-filler engu-308 ifaniswe ne-base metal engu-304 kwaye ayinayo i-molybdenum. I-filler engu-316 ifaniswe ne-base metal engu-316 kwaye ine-molybdenum emalunga ne-2.5% yokumelana ne-chloride. Ezi zimbini azitshintshi xa zisetyenziswa ekutshiseni.
Ngaba ufuna ukucoca imibhobho yentsimbi engagqwaliyo?
Ewe, xa icala leengcambu lidibana ne-corrosive media. Ukucoca umqolo nge-argon kuthintela ukugcwala kweswekile kwaye kugcina ukumelana nokugqwala ngaphakathi kwelungu.
Yifake Ngokufanelekileyo Okokuqala
Isigqibo esifanelekileyo sokuwelda i-304 vs 316 sixhomekeke kwiindlela ezintathu zokulawula. Tshatisa isizalisi nenkonzo : i-ER308L ye-304, i-ER316L ye-316, kunye ne-ER316L okanye i-ER309LMo kwijoyinti eyahlukileyo. Lawula ubushushu : gcina ubushushu bungena kwi-1.5 kJ/mm okanye ngaphantsi, udlule ngaphantsi kwe-150°C, kwaye uphephe ubushushu obungeyomfuneko. Gqibezela ukuwelda : iingcambu zombhobho wokubuyisela umva, gcina umbala wobushushu ube sisilivere okanye ingca, kwaye ucole kwaye ungasebenzi ukuze uthambise.
Sebenzisa amanqanaba e-L xa i-weld iza kubona ii-chloride, ii-asidi, okanye ubushushu obuphezulu. Ixabiso elincinci elongezelelweyo le-304L okanye i-316L lincinci xa lithelekiswa nokusilela kokugqwala kwangaphambi kwexesha.
I-LIANYUNGANG DAPU MEAL ibonelela ngeeshiti, iikhoyili, kunye neepayipi ezingama-304/304L kunye ne-316/316L ezinesiqinisekiso esipheleleyo sezinto, kwaye iqela lethu lokucubungula ngokwezifiso lixhasa iimfuno zokusika kunye nokuvelisa. Nxibelelana neengcali zethu zesinyithi ngeemeko zakho zenkonzo kunye neemfuno ezisetyenziswayo ukuze ufumane ikowuteshini ehambelana nesicelo sakho.
